The Congress of Vienna and Nationalism

Important people:Austria

Klemens, ***Prince von Metternich***, principal minister of Austria, represented emperor Francis II of Austria

Simon Bolivar

Lead rebellions against Spain in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. He started rebellions after Napoleon attacked Spain. He didn't like Napoleon because he ignored the original ideals of the French Revolution. He established constitutions in The South American countries he helped liberate.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution against France. This revolution succeeded, Haiti became an independent state in 1804. The revolution began in 1791, and Toussaint worked throughout it to improve the economy and security of Haiti. He created a constitution for Haiti and declared himself Governor-General for Life in 1801. Before the revolution ended, however, he was forced to resign his position and live in France by Napoleon in 1802. He later died in France in 1803, so the revolution was continued by his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, and finished in 1804.

Role of Lord Talleyrand

Lord Talleyrand was a French diplomat who helped to negotiate fair treatment for the French during the congress of Vienna. Originally, the European powers wanted to exclude French diplomats from the congress, but Talleyrand entered by joining a committee of diplomats representing lesser European powers such as Portugal and Sweden. He used his position to undermine attempts to punish France and protect his country's interests. going back to "Turn back the clock," Louis XVIII made king to try and go back before the French Rev. *saved France*

Territorial Changes

Major territorial changes were made after the Congress of Vienna, including the creation of the German Confederation to replace the weakening Holy Roman Empire, which became the Confederation of the Rhine during Napoleon's rule. Also, Poland was divided among Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Russia got most of Poland, to Austria then received some Italian land, and Prussia was awarded most of Saxony. The Italian Papal States were, for the most part, restored to how they were before Napoleon's conquests, and the Netherlands were united under the House of Orange.

Important people:Prussia

Prince Karl August von Hardenberg, Wilhelm von Humboldt, King Frederick William III

Polish-Saxon Crisis

Russia wanted most of Poland and Prussia wanted most of Saxony. The two countries made a deal on supporting each other to obtain the territory they desire. This concerned Austria and Britain because of the increase of power in Russia. France proposed a secret alliance with Austria and Britain to wage war to prevent the Russian and Prussian deal to advance. The Russian Czar discovered the secret treaty between the three countries and decided to compromised and took Napoleonic province, Duchy of Warsaw, as a substitute for Poland. Prussia received the district of Poznan.

Bernardo O'Higgins

South American revolutionary leader and first Chilean head of state, "supreme director," (1817-23). He commanded the military forces that won independence from Spain in the Chilean War of Independence. He is considered one of Chile's founding fathers.

Age of Meterrnich

(1815-1848) By Prince Metternich, This was the age beginning after the Napoleonic Wars. The Age of Metternich was a nickname towards Austrian History about an age of that was boom or bust economically, a sense of nationalism, and an age starting the industrial revolution. This increased nationalism within Austria and increased the participation within government. Unfortunately because of the economical issues many social problems occurred. Also governments were watching over trying to keep the intent of social, political, and international status quo. **Anti-Nationalism, Anti-democracy**

The German Confederation

A loose association of 39 german states in central europe, created by the congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate german-speaking countries in order to **replace the Holy Roman Empire.**

Holy Alliance

Alliance between the monarchs of Austria, Prussia and Russia formed by Czar Alexander I to safeguard the principles of Christianity, base their relations with other nations on Christianity, and maintain the status quo after the Napoleonic wars. Christians should not wage war against each other

Jose de San Martin

An Argentine General, governor and patriot who led his nation during the wars of Independence from Spain. His bold plan was to attack the viceroyalty of Lima by crossing the Andes to Chile and going by sea, was the key factor in the defeat of Spanish power in South America. With patience and organization, he liberated three countries from Spanish colonial rule, and transformed them into republics. Jose de San Martin became a symbol of Argentine nationalism long after his death.

Important people:Russia

Czar Alexander I, Count Karl Robert Nesselrode

Important People:France

Duke of Dalberg, ****Talleyrand****

Turn back the clock to 1789

In 1814, the European nations met at the Congress of Vienna in an effort to undo the effects of the French Revolution and to turn back the clock to the way the world was before 1789. The representatives also wanted to establish a policy of a balance of power to ensure that one person or country such as Napoleon or France would never dominate the European continent again. This balance of power lead to many years of prosperity and peace. During this time Europe extended its power over the areas of Asia and Africa. **Pretending that Enlightenment and French Rev. didn't happen**

Miguel Hildago

Started a rebellion of mestizos and native americans against Spanish control. Also began the racial inequality and property redistribution campaign called the Grito de Dolores or cry of Dolores. Although his rebellion was destroyed and he himself killed, he became the face of most independence movements in Mexico

successfull failure

The Congress of Vienna could be considered as a "successful failure" due to its many benefits as well as drawbacks that resulted from the Congress. The Congress did succeed in establishing peace and maintaining a balance in power in post-Napoleonic Europe. The peace lasted until World War I in 1914 and succeeded for a while in its goal to prevent continental wars through the cooperation of major states. On the other hand, the Congress failed to stabilize internal issues and address the growing nationalism inspired by the French Revolution. In addition, the ignorance to the common man's rights proved to be detrimental to the peace of Europe and the underlying crave for power diminished the ideals of a democracy that several Europeans yearned for. The Congress failed to prevent the break out of a war in Europe shown by the Crimean War in 1853 after the conflicts created between Russia, the Ottoman Empire, France, and Britain.

Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors from European states that took place from September of 1814 to June of 1815. It's purpose was to come up with a Europe-wide peace plan that would provide solutions to problems caused by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars and resize countries and restore boundaries to create balance of power. It was interrupted by the signing of the "Final Act", which concluded the Congress a few days before the battle of Waterloo.

Balance of Power

This is the first goal of the Congress, in order to maintain the power in Europe, thus preventing empiricism, such as the Napoleonic Empire. It would also help to maintain peace within great powers. This is similar to the League of Nations because the other countries had a vote and were able to peacefully decide boundaries. **all countries equal, and if one goes up in control, the others drag 'em down**

The concert of europe

a group of countries in Europe who worked together and agreed on things (also knows as "alliance") between the end of the Napoleonic Era (1814) and the end of WWII (1924). The members were the U.K., Austria, Russia, and Prussia (no longer a country) ***All European countries should work together**

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

leader of the Haitian Revolution, the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1801 Constitution, which stated the abolition of slavery; later named Jacques I of Haiti (1804-1806), served as an officer in the French army withstanding Spanish and British Incursions, then became commander against France later, being a leader of Revolution in 1802, declared Haiti a nation in 1804

Jose Maria Morelos

revolutionary priest who assumed leadership of the Mexican independence movement after Miguel Hidalgo's 1810 rebellion and execution. Used guerilla warfare tactics. Called the Congress of Chilpancingo in 1813 to form a government and draft a constitution. In November the congress declared Mexico's independence, and in October 1814, at Apatzingán, it promulgated an egalitarian constitution.

Important People:England

the Duke of Wellington, the foreign secretary Viscount Castlereagh

Legitimacy

the right and authority to governed authority, usually a governing law or a régime. In the context of The Congress of Vienna, this was the process of bringing the families that were in power before Napoleon back to power in their respective countries.