the day before ap psychology exam review

Lakukan tugas rumah & ujian kamu dengan baik sekarang menggunakan Quizwiz!

Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning

Cognitive

The paper "The role of imagery in memory processes" would most likely be written by someone who subscribes to

Cognitive Philosophy

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Cognitive neuroscience

Focus: How we encode, process, and store, and retrieve information

Cognitive perspective

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd female president of the APA (1921)

Phineas Gage

First person to have a frontal lobotomy. Gave psychology information on part of the brain that is involved with emotions reasoning etc.

insecure attachment

Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation

bottom-up processing

Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the sensory receptors in detecting the basic features of a stimulus in the process of recognizing a whole pattern; analysis that moves from the parts to the whole; also called data-driven processing.

After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing loss is best explained by the __________theory.

Place theory

Focus: How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Psychodynamic perspective

what is contemporary psychology's position on the nature-nurture debate?

Psychological events often stem from the interaction of nature an nurture rather than them acting alone

long-term potentiation

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

storage

the process of retaining encoded information over time

encoding

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously(ie. motion, form, depth, color); the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision;

parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.

A chest implant that intermittently stimulates the vagus nerve has been used to treat some patients with

chronic depression

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates

classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

classical conditioning

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

a branch of that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

clinical psychology

anxiety hierarchy

constructed by patient in which feared situations are arranged from least to most anxiety provoking; used to set sequence for therapy

(damage to) wernicke's area

damage to an area of the left temporal lobe people could speak only meaningless words

spontaneous states

daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming

lewis terman

developed the IQ test

studying our chnaging abilities from the womb to the tomb

developmental psychologists

barbituarates

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but imparing memory and judgment

amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

reciprocated gestures

each side gives a little

Gustav Fechner

early German psychologist credited with founding psychophysics

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

shizotypal personality disorder

eccentric or odd behavior, such as the emotionless disengagement

voice effect

if given a chance to voice their opinion during a decision-making process, people will respond more positively to the decision

in fantis

latin word for not speaking

theories with conscious/cognitive labeling

lazarus, schachter, and singer theory

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Because Ken is 6'6'', people often mistakenly assume that he must be a member of his college's basketball team. This mistaken judgement best illustrates the impact of

the representative heuristic

What do we define psychology as today?

the science of behavior and mental processes

eugenics

the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

flat affect state

no apparent feeling

biological influences (to successful aging)

no genetic predisposition to early cognitive or physical decline; appropriate nutrition

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

overconfidence

overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements; allows us to be happy and to make decisions easily, but puts us at risk for errors

Hans Eysenck

personality is determined to a large extent by genes; used the terms extroversion and introversion

investigating our persistent traits

personality psychologists

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

personality test classifies people in terms of the personality dimensions highlighted by Carl Jung

auditory cortex

the area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information

auditory canal

the area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrum

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

retroactive interference

the backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

resolution

the body gradually returns to its unaroused state as the genital blood vessels release their accumulated blood

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

olfactory bulb

the brain center for smell, located below the frontal lobes

Thalamus

the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

fovea

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster

middle ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Carl Jung emphasized the importance of _______________ in personality functioning

the collective unconscious

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Premack Principle

The concept, developed by David Premack, that a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity.

central executive

The part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources.

hypnotic induction

The process in which a hypnotist creates a state of hypnosis in a subject, generally by voicing a series of suggestions

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

proactive interference

the forward-acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

state-dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.

fraternal birth order effect

The theory that the more older brothers a man has, the more likely he is to be a homosexual.

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

stability and change

Which of our traits persist through life? How do we change as we age?

bipolar disorder

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

cochlear implant

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

conversion disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Self-determinism

a doctrine that the actions of a self are determined by itself.

delusion

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

a female dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and low sexual activity, as well as, in some cases, limited excitement and few sexual sensations during sexual activity

calling

a fulfilling and socially useful activity (report the highest satisfaction with their work and lives)

Correlation coefficient

a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that has been used to identify clusters (factors) of test items that tap basic components of intelligence (such as spacial or verbal skill)

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Decibel

a unit that compares the intensities of different sounds

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses; seek to relieve problems by providing an understanding of their origins; psychodynamic and humanistic thearpy

FOXP2 gene

a version of a gene that helps enable the lip, tongue, and vocal cord movements of human speech; allow for easy speaking

Lewis Terman

advocate of intelligence testing in US; developed Standford-Binet test and oversaw army's use of intelligence testing during WWI

human factors psychology

an I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

fattening world

we are eating more and moving less; jobs requiring physical activity are declining

social identities

we associate ourselves with certain groups and contrast ourselves with others

retrieval failure

we cannot access stored information accurately, sometimes due to interference or motivated forgetting

singer-schachter Theory

we expericne feelings first and then label them

closure

we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object (ie. we assume that the circles o the left are complete but partially blocked by the (illusory) triangle. Add nothing more than little line segments to close off the circles and your brain stops constructing a triangle.)

Memory construction

we filter information and fill in missing pieces with plausible guesses and assumptions

happiness is not related to

- age - gender - parenthood - physical attractiveness

organizational psychology

- analyzing organizational structures - enhancing quality of work

Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?

Thalamus

female orgasmic disorder

distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm

Focus: How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

neuroscience perspective

Norepenephrine

neurotransmitter that regulates wakefulness, learning, memory, mood, arousal

oral

0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

(negative explanatory style) internal

"It's all my fault"

(negative explanatory style) global

"It's going to affect everything I do"

(negative explanatory style) stable

"It's going to last forever"

Mary Cover Jones

"Mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits

psychokinesis

"mind over matter" ie levitating a table or influencing the roll of a die

outgroup

"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

sterophonic hearing

"three dimensional hearing" achieved by the placement of our ears

ingroup

"us"—people with whom we share a common identity.

The cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known as

Association areas

Ivan Pavlov

Described process of classical conditioning after famous experiments with dogs

B.F. Skinner

Described process of operant conditioning

Joseph Wolpe

Described use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias

Descartes

(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

anal

(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

psychological influences

- selective attention - leaned schema - gestalt principles - context effects - perceptual set

phallic

(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

sympathetic nervous system

(AROUSED) eyes: pupils dilate salvation: decreases skin: perspires respiration: increases heart: accelerate digestion: inhibits adrenal glands: secrete stress hormones immune system functioning: reduced

Hans Selye

(Accidentally) described General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

parasympathetic nervous system

(CALMING) eyes: pupils contract salvation: increases skin: dries respiration: decreases heart: slows digestion: activates adrenal glands: decreases secretion of stress hormones immune system functioning: enhanced

biological influences

- sensory analysis - unlearned visual phenomena - critical period for sensory development

overt

(adj.) open, not hidden, expressed or revealed in a way that is easily recognized

chronic schizophrenia

(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

acute schizophrenia

(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods.

person-situation controversy

(also known as trait-vs-state controversy) this controversy stems from a disagreement about the degree to which a person's reaction in a given situation is due to their personality (trait) or is due to a situation itself (state)

teratogens

(literally, "monster maker") agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

criterion

(n.) a rule, test; a standard for judgment or evaluation

proximity

(n.) nearness, closeness

instinct theory

(now replaced by the evolutionary perspective) focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors

alcohol use disorder

(popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem

+.60

social-cultural influences

- deindividuation, or a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint - challenging environmental factors, such as crowding, and direct provocations - parental models of aggression - minimal father involvement - rejection from a group - exposure to violent media

human factors psychology

- designing optimum work environments - optimizing person-machine interactions - developing system technologies

social-cultural influences

- difficult environment, - cultural acceptance of drug use - negative peer influences

psychological influences

- dominating behavior (which boosts testosterone levels in the blood) - believing that alcohol has been ingested (whether it has or not) - frustration - aggressive role models - rewards for aggressive behavior - low self-control

biological influences

- genetic influences - biochemical influences, such as testosterone and alcohol - neural influences, such as a severe head injury

biological influences

- genetic predisposition - variations in neurotransmitter systems

happy people tend to . . .

- have high self-esteem - be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable - have close friendships - have work and leisure that engage skills - have an active religious faith - sleep well and exercise

psychological influences

- lacking sense of purpose - significant stress - psychological disorders such as depression

reasons people are negative about themselves

- subtly strategic - -prepare us for the worst possible failure - learn from our mistakes - pertain's to one old self

personnel psychology

-selecting and placing employees -training and developing employees -appraising performance

psychophysics

-studies relationship between physical nature of stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they evoke

latency

6-puberty, dormant sexual feelings

Sleep order

1-2-3-4-3-2-REM

effortful processing

1. Explicit memories (declarative) with conscious recall 2. Processed in the hippocampus and frontal lobes 3. - Facts and general knowledge (this chapter's concepts) - Personally experienced events (family holidays)

automatic processing

1. Implicit memories (non-declarative) without conscious recall 2. Processed in cerebellum and basal ganglia 3. - Space, time, frequency (where you ate dinner yesterday) - motor and cognitive skill s (riding a bike) - classical conditioning (reaction to a dentist's office)

sleep's functions

1. protects us (from being awake during dangerous periods aka night) 2. helps us recuperate (restore damaged neurons) 3. restores and rebuilds fading memories of the day's experiences; strengthens memories (neural connections that build memories are strengthened in REM & REM-2 sleep 4. feeds creative thinking / problem solving the next day 5. supports growth (during slow-wave sleep, the pituitary gland secretes human growth hormone, which is necessary for muscle development)

Depression Cycle

1. stressful experiences 2. negative explanatory style 3. depressed mood 4. cognitive and behavioral changes

REM sleep

10 minutes, rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active; aka paradoxical sleep

An 80-decibel sound is ___________ times louder than a 60-decibel sound

100

NREM-1

15-20 minutes, slowed breathing, irregular brain waves, and experience halluninations

sleep spindles

20 minutes, bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity

Young- Helmholtz trichromatic theory

3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)

NREM-3

30 minutes, deep sleep, emits slow delta waves and hard to wake up

Kurt Lewin

A German refugee who escaped Nazi oppression. He designed an experiment to investigate the effects of different leadership styles on group functions. He wanted to find out if people were more productive under 3 different leadership styles. 1. autocratic 2. laizssez-faire 3. democratic. This is the study when he had the children do activities under the 3 conditions. The democratic style proved to be the most productive as was expected.

Melatonin

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

mild cognitive impairment

A level of memory loss between normal loss with age and pathological loss from disease.

algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone, use of heuristics

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.

seasonal pattern

A pattern of the occurrence of a specific mental disorder in selected seasons of the year.

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

trial and error

A problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.

deep-brain stimulation

A procedure for treatment-resistant depression that involves the implantation of electrodes in the brain that emit signals to alter the brain's electrical circuitry.

Learning perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a person's or animal's actions; it includes behaviorism and social-cognitive learning theories.

Arousal theory

A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes.

clinical or psychiatric social workers

A two-year master of social work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers' designation of clinical social worker.

Systematic desensitization

A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

moon illusion

A visual illusion involving the misperception that the moon is larger when it is on the horizon than when it is directly overhead.

Dorothea Dix

American activist who successfully pressured lawmakers to construct & fund asylums for the mentally ill

obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

In the DSM-IV, multiple personality disorder is categorized as a or an

Anxiety disorder

ancient philosopher that believed your mind is developed through your experiences and the external world

Aristotle

Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electrical shocks

Arousal theory

Which area of psychology is most concerned with understanding the internal works of the the "mind" such as memory and thoughts?

Cognitive

Anything an organism does - blinking, sweating, talking

Behavior

Focus: how our genes and our environment influence our individual different

Behavior genetics perspective

What is the difference between cognitive psychology and behavior psychology?

Behavior psychology deals with reinforcement and punishment, while cognitive psychology deals with information processing.

Public behavior

Behavior that can be observed by others, even though special instrumentation may be required at times.

private behavior

Behavior that is only accessible to the person doing it.

Focus: How we learn observable responses

Behavioral perspective

From the 1920s through the 1960s, the two major forces in psychology were

Behaviorism and Freudian psychology

Tutored by James. completed requirements for a Harvard PHD. was offered an undergraduate degree from Radcliffe College which is the sister to Harvard. Was a distinguished memory researcher of the American Psychological Association and first female president in 1905

Calkins

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

the first humanistic psychologists. found Freudian psychology too limiting.

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies, proposed the idea of natural selection, and wrote the book Origin of Species

Charles Darwin

Rogers

Client-centered; unconditional positive regard; transactional analysis

Of the following approaches to understanding behavior, which is most likely going to focus on the way that adults process information?

Cognitive

stresses the importance on how our mind processes and retains information. explores the ways we perceive, process, and remember information.

Cognitive psychology

Ernest Weber

Concluded that he difference threshold is a constant fraction of proportion of the specific stimulus (Webers law)

Stanley Milgram

Conducted "shocking" (Ha!) experiments on obedience

Philip Zimbardo

Conducted Stanford Prison experiment

Philip Zimbardo

Conducted Stanford Prison experiment. It was conducted to study the power of social roles to influence people's behavior. It proved people's behavior depends to a large extent on the role they are asked to play.

Martin Seligman

Conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of "learned helplessness"

Solomon Asch

Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines.

William Wundt

Conducted first psychology experiments in first psych laboratory

Jerome Kagan

Conducted longitudinal studies on temperament (infancy to adolescence)

Ancel Keys

Conducted semi-starvation experiments to measure psych effects of hunger

Michael Gazzaniga

Conducted the "HE-ART" experiments with split brain patients

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of

Conscientiousness

Noam Chomsky

Created concept of "universal grammar"

Alfred Binet

Created first intelligence test for Parisian school children

Fritz Perls

Creator of Gestalt Therapy

Karen Horney

Critical of Freud's theories. She said that personality is continually mold by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts.

Leon Festinger

Described concept of cognitive dissonance

telomeres

DNA at the tips of chromosomes - shortened can lead to aging cells die

Which philosopher discussed the mind-body problem?

Descartes

Who most clearly emphasized that the immaterial mind was distinct from the body

Descartes

believed ideas are innate

Descartes

Stanley Schachter

Developed "Two-Factor" theory of emotion; experiments on spillover effect

Carl Rogers

Developed "client-centered" therapy

Albert Ellis

Developed "rational emotive behavior therapy" (REBT)

Aaron Beck

Developed cognitive-behavior therapy

Sigmund Freud

Developed psychoanalysis; considered to be "father of modern psychiatry"

David Weschler

Developer of WAIS and WISC intelligence tests

Noam Chomsky

Disagreed with Skinner and said there an infinite number of sentences in a language. He said that humans have an inborn native ability to develop language.

Nature vs. Nurture

Do genes (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) contribute more to a person's being?

stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

John Watson

Early behaviorist; famous for the "Little Albert" experiments on fear conditioning

The method of introspection was used by Titchener to identify

Elements of sensory experience

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Focus: How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

Evolutionary perspective

Edward Thorndike

Famous for "law of effect" and research on cats in "puzzle boxes"

Benjamin Lee Whorf

Famous for describing concept of "liguistic determinism"

Lawrence Kohlberg

Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of moral dilemmas in assessment

Albert Bandura

Famous for the Bobo Doll experiments on observational learning & influence in the Socio-Cognitive Perspective

Gordon Allport

Founder of Trait Theory

John Watson

Founder of behaviorism- Did the study of generalization

The psychoanalytic approach to understanding personality was described by

Freud

theorist and therapist that influenced humanity's self-understanding. developed the psychoanalytic approach to understanding personality.

Freud

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

emphasized the way our unconscious thought of processes and our emotional responses to childhood affects our behavior

Freudian psychology

William James was a prominent American:

Functionalist

linkage analysis

Genetic research strategy in which occurrence of a disorder in an extended family is compared with that of a genetic marker for a physical characteristic or biological process that is known to be located on a particular chromosome.

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Walter B. Cannon

He believed that that gastric activity in as empty stomach was the sole basis for hunger. Did an experiment by inserting balloon in subjects stomach

H. Rorschach

He developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot Test. The subject reads the inkblots and projects to the observer aspects of their personality. It uses 10 standardized inkblots

David McClelland

He devised a way to measure "the need to achieve that varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances"(H. Murray's theory). He is credited with developing the scoring system for the TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation, not for the TAT itself.

Charles Spearman

He found that specific mental talents were highly correlated. He concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled "g", for general ability

David Rosenhan

He with a number of people from different walks of life conducted a hospital experiment to test the diagnosis of hospitals make on new patients. He also wanted to see the impact on behavior on being a patient. He proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in a mental hospital setting.

Elizabeth Loftus

Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony

Kubler-Ross

Her theory proposes that the terminally ill pass through a squence of 5 stages: 1. denial, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, and 5. acceptance

Albert Maslow

Hierarchy of needs-Needs at the lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied. Once these needs are adequately met, the higher needs occupy the individual's attention.

Professor Smith told once class that alcohol consumption has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that alcohol consumption has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information illustrates the power of

Hindsight Bias

nature and nurture

How do genetic inheritance and experience influence our development?

Of the following approaches to psychology, which area would be most concerned with the idea that people strive towards self-actualization?

Humanistic

Which of the following approaches focuses on free will and consciousness?

Humanistic

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

drew attention to to ways that current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential, and to the importance of having our needs for love, and acceptance satisfied. emphasizes human growth potential.

Humanistic psychology

The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the

Hypothalamus

Acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Both Plato and Socrates saw knowledge as

Innate

Raymond Cattell

Intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)

Paul Ekman

Interested in the universality of facial expressions: facial expressions carry same meaning regardless of culture, context, or language. Use of microexpressions to detect lying.

maldaptive

Interferes with ones ability to function effectively in the world

In early psychology, Wilhelm Wundt developed a technique for doing research that involved having people describe their thoughts as they observed an object. This technique is called

Introspection

Why did structuralism fail?

Introspection was unreliable, results were too varied, it differed from person to person, and experience to experience.

Daniel Kahneman & Amos Tversky

Investigated the use of heuristics in decision-making; studied the availability, anchoring, and representativeness heuristics

Erik Erikson

Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

Jean Piaget

Known for his theory of cognitive development in children

Fechner's Law

It states that the magnitude of a sensory experience is proportional to the number of JND's that the stimulus causing the experiences above absolute threshold.

glutamate

LTP enhancing neurotransmitter

The person who is most responsible for developing the school of thought called functionalism is

James

promoted functionalism. influenced by Darwin. created the book Principles of Psychology (1890). mentored Calkins.

James

collective unconscious

Jung's theory that we all share an inherited memory that contains our culture's most basic elements

E.L Thorndike

Law of effect-(the relationship between behavior and its consequences) the principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely. Behavior followed by less likely consequences becomes less likely

A therapist suggests that Mr. Broshi continues to bite his fingernails because this behavior often reduced his feelings of anxiety in the past. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects a _________________ perspective.

Learning perspective

Lewis Terman's widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test was the

Lewis Terman

Which philosopher is responsible for the concept of Tabula Rosa?

Locke

argued the mind is a blank slate on which experience writes

Locke

Frued called the remembered story line of a dream its ________________ content

Manifest

counselors

Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims

hiearchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ______________ production by the pineal glan

Melatonin

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Memorized nonsense syllables in early study on human memory

When asked to recall their attitudes of 10 years ago regarding marijuana use, people offer recollections closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates

Memory construction

internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior-sensations, dreams, thoughts, beliefs

Mental Processes

clinical psychologists

Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. (includes research training) or Psy.D. (focuses on therapy) supplemented by a supervised internship and, often, postdoctoral training. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice.

orgasm

Muscle contractions appear all over the body and are accompanied by further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates.

chameleon effect

Natural (unconscious) tendency to imitate other peoples speech, inflections & physical movements

Maturation is to education as ________________ is to ________________

Nature; nurture

Karen Horney

Neo-Freudian; countered Freud's assumptions that women have weak superegos and suffer "penis" envy

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order

Karen Horney

Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory

During a state of emotional arousal, the adrenal glands release _______________ into the bloodstream

Norepinephrine

Roger's inspired hints

Paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect feelings

The study of phenomena such as clairvoyance and telepathy is called

Parapsychology

death-deferral phenomenon

People tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to, such as holidays spirit affects life expectancy; depression causes poor health and early death; ex: more people die 2 days after Christmas than before

After hearing rumors about the outbreak of an infectious disease, Alyhosha began to perceive his normal aches and pains as disease-related symptoms. His reaction best illustrates the impact of

Perceptual set

Developing assessment tools for selecting and placing employees is of most direct relevance to

Personnel psychology

Humanistic psychology has recently been "rediscovered" and is now a popular approach to understanding behavior. This area is now called

Positive Psychology

Carol Gilligan

Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called

Proactive interference

In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used type of test

Projective test

Which stage of sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep?

REM

paradoxical sleep

REM; when muscles are deeply relaxed but there are high levels of brain activity

Albert Ellis

Rational Emotive Therapy-focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

The selective permeability of a neural membrane creates a or an

Resting potential

A picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a mouse is briefly flashed in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The individual will be able to use her

Right hand to indicate she saw a mouse

Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic

Rogers

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.

SQ3R

What event defined the start of scientific psychology?

Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory.

enduring companionate love

Self-Disclosing intimacy + mutually supportive equity = _____________

The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of

Self-determinism

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

Shaping by successive approximations.

Carol Gilligan

She maintained that Kohlber's work was developed only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgement of men and women

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the N should be presented

Shortly after the US

psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

a leading behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior, and championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior along with Watson

Skinner

Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of

Social trap

Focus: How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Social-cultural perspective

automatic processing examples

Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you. Reading and comprehending our on language

an early school of thought promoted by Wundt, and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Structuralism

Edward Bradford Titchener

Student of Wundt and founder of structuralism. Used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements.

Mary Ainsworth

Studied attachment in infants using the "strange situation" model. Label infants "secure", "insecure" (etc.) in attachment

Harry Harlow

Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers

Thomas Bouchard

Studied identical twins separated at birth

Simon Asch

Study on conformity. His experiment had a subject unaware of his situation, test to see if he would conform if all the members of the group gave an incorrect answer

Spearman's general intelligence (g)

Summary : A basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas. Strengths: Different abilities, such as verbal and spatial, do have some tendency to correlate. Other considerations: Human abilities are too diverse to be encapsulated by a single general intelligence factor

Sternber's Triarchic Theory

Summary: Our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success; analytical, creative, and practical Strengths:These three domains can be reliably measured Other Considerations: 1. These three domains may be less independent than Sternberg thought and may actually share an underlying g factor 2. Additional testing is needed to determine whether these domains can reliably predict success

Thurstone's primary mental abilities

Summary: Our intelligence may be broken down into seven factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning and memory Strengths: A single g score is not as informative as scores for seven primary mental abilities Other Considerations: Even Thurstone's seven mental abilities show a tendency to cluster, suggesting an underlying g factor

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Summary: Out abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent intelligences which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts Strengths: Intelligence is more than just verbal and mathematical skills. Other abilities are equally important to our human adaptability. Other Considerations: Should all our abilities be considered intelligences? Shouldn't some be less vital talents?

Emotional intelligence

Summary: Social intelligence is an important indicator to life success. Emotional intelligence is a key aspect, consisting of perceiving, understanding, managing, and using emotions Strengths: The four components that predict social success Other Considerations: Does this stretch the concept of intelligence too far?

English-speaking children learn to put the object of a sentence last, whereas Japanese-speaking children put the object before the verb. Chomsky suggests that this illustrates a difference in the two languages

Surface structure

The construction of an anxiety hierarchy and training in relaxation are important aspects of

Systematic desensitization

Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the

TAT

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the impact of

The Framing Effect

diagnostic labels

The ability of mental health professionals to quickly communicate the characteristics of their patients' complex symptoms; both positive and negative

According to Piaget's theory, during the concrete operational stage, a child is still unlikely to demonstrate

The ability to think hypothetically

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

rational emotive behavior therapy

The confrontational cognitive therapy in which therapists challenge people's illogical statements

person-situation theory

The debate among psychologists about whether it is personality traits or the situation at hand that influences personality more.

resting potential

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane

spreading activation

The process through which activity in one node in a network flows outward to other nodes through associative links.

heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

predictive validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.

immigrant paradox

The surprising fact that immigrants tend to be healthier than U.S. born residents of the same ethnicity. This was first evident among Mexican Americans.

Howard Gardner

Theory of multiple intelligences

The psychologist who trained with Wundt and traveled to the United States to set up one of the first labs at Cornell University is

Titchener

used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements

Titchener

S. Schacter

To experience emotions 1. must be physically aroused 2. must cognitively label arousal (know the emotion before you experience it)

Clearly communicating a vision of goals so as to inspire others to follow is most indicative of

Transformational leadership

William Masters & Virginia Johnson

Used direct observation and experimentation to study sexual response cycle (4 stages)

electrode

a conductor, such as a wire, through which electrical current enters or leaves

The WAIS consists of separate ____________ subtests.

Verbal and performance

APA's second woman president in 1921

Washburn

championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior along with Skinner

Watson

Little Albert

Watson's study on the generalization of fear. Conditioning subject to be afraid

proximity

We group nearby figures together. (ie. we see not six separate lines, but three sets of two lines)

continuity and stages

What parts of development are gradual and continuous, like riding an escalator? What parts change abruptly in separate stages, like climbing rungs on a ladder?

Eysneck Personality Questionnaire

When their answers were analyzed , the extraversion and emotionality factors emerged as personality dimensions.

lingustic determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think; we cannot think about things unless we have words for those concepts

Which of the following psychologists started the first psychology lab in Germany?

Wilhelm Wundt

established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany

Wilhelm Wundt

achievment motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

theories without any conscious/cognitive appraisal

Zajonic; ledoux theory

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

strange situation

a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

therapeautic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

anterior cingulate cortex

a brain area that activates in response to physical pain

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

psychosis

a broad term for a break or split from reality

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

narcotics

a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses; snail shaped tube, where hair cells are located

flow

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

blindsight

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

premature ejaculation

a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before, or shortly after, penetration of the female

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound

Down Syndrome

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

general intelligence (g)

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

sterotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief a group of people.

happiness set point

a genetically based value representing a central level of an individual's degree of happiness during a particular period of life

self-help groups (support groups)

a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support

cohort

a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period

syndrome

a group of symptoms

melontonin

a hormone secreted by the pineal gland; it is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms; sleep-inducing hormone

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

visual cliff

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.

polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

body mass index (BMI)

a measure of body weight relative to height

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance; Thus, a child who does well as an average 8 year old is said to have a mental age of 8

recall

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

imagination inflation

a memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred

concepts

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

perceptual set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another - Through different experiences, we get different results.

Representativeness heuristic

a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled with 3 or 4 seconds

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a 0.5 seconds

dysthymic disorder

a mood disorder involving a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least two years

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

semantic memory

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

hippocampus

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

"low road"

a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex; a fear-provoking stimulus would travel from the eye or the ear DIRECTLY to the amygdala; enables lighting emotional response (likes, dislikes, and fears)

alzheimer's disease

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

grandmother cell

a neuron that responds only to a specific stimulus

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

360-degree feedback

a performance appraisal process in which feedback is obtained from the boss, subordinates, peers and coworkers, and the employees themselves

emerging adulthood

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

midlife transition

a period in middle adulthood when a person's perspective on his or her life may change significantly

subjective well-being

a person's sense of satisfaction with his or her life; 1st pillar of positive psychology

extraversion

a personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

projective tests

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

A need refers to

a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior; external incentive (smell and sight)

cocaine

a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

LSD

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Perceptual set

a predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way

sexual dsyfunction

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Meta-analysis refers to

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies

reconsolidation

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

managing by objectives

a process of joint objective setting between a superior and a subordinate

TAT

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

thematic apperception test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

CREB

a protein that enhances the LTP process

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

somatic symptom disorder

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Carl Jung

a psychologist who believed people had conscious and unconscious awareness-two layers of unconscious archetypes-personal/collective

Functionalist

a psychologist who studied the function (rather than the structure) of consciousness

lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

strobscopic motion

a rapid series of slightly varying images as continuous movements

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

catatonia

a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

sterotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative sterotype

autonomy

a sense of personal control

hepatic

a sense of touch you remember that lasts greater than 1 second long

dream

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind; are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

Social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary breaks of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

hypocondriasis

a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

critical period

a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned

dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

dissocation

a split in different levels of consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

"high road"

a stimulus path that would travel (by the way of the thalamus) to the brain's cortex. It would then be analyzed and labeled before the response command is sent out, via the amygdala

placenta

a structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with nutrients and oxygen from the mother

basilar membrane

a structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

cost-benefit analysis

a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good

organizational psychology

a sub-field psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

organizational psychology

a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Personnel psychology

a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

personnel psychology

a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

fugue state

a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation

posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

Ecstasy (MDMA)

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for support for our own views and ignore contradictory evidence

empirically derived test

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

achievement test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

terror management theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

stage theory

a theory of development characterized by distinct periods of life

activation-synthesis theory

a theory of dreaming; this theory proposes that the brain tries to make sense of random brain activity that occurs during sleep by synthesizing the activity with stored memories

signal detection theory

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.

pitch

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

procedural memory

a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

aptitude

ability to learn

productive language

ability to produce words

receptive language

ability to understand what is being said

operational stage

abstract logic ie. thinking about abstract concepts such as "freedom"

terminal decline

acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

self-transcedence

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

encoding context

according to craik and tulving the most important in memory performance

neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

implementation intentions

action plans that specify when, where, and how they will march toward achieving those goals

antisocial behavior

actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

stimulation

activates a type of behavior controlled by the target brain

accommodation

adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

great person theory of leadership

all great leaders share certain traits

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

destruction

also known as a lesion. the target region of the brain is damaged if the electrical signal is too strong

prenatal influences

altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans and other animals and men with several older biological brothers are more likely to be gay, possibly due to a maternal immune-system reaction

speed dating

an accelerated form of dating in which men and women choose whether to see each other again based on a very short interaction

near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

social anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

electric approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

life-span perspective

an approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood

arcuate nucleus

an arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control

Carl Wernicke

an area of the brain (in the left temporal lobe) involved in language comprehension and expression was named for him because he discovered it

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometime accompanied by excessive exercise

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Cannon-Bard Theory

an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

fight or flight response

an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

McGurk Effect

an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched.

self-displine

an even better predictor of performance than intelligence

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

reciporcity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

continuity

an idea where developmental researchers emphasize learning and experience

phi phenomenon

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

career

an opportunity to advance fro,m one position to a better position

afterimage effect (opponent process theory)

an optical illusion that refers to an image continuing to appear after exposure to the original image has ceased. Prolonged viewing of the colored patch induces an afterimage of the complementary color (for example, yellow color induces a bluish afterimage).

critical period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

gestalt

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

job

an unfulfilling but necessary way to make money

prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

triarchic theory

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

antidepressant drugs that achieve their agonistic effect on serotonin by selectively blocking the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapses

avoidant personality disorder

anxiety, such as a fearful sensitivity to rejection

aggression

any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

applied research

toddlerhood

approximate age: 1 to 3 years issue: autonomy vs. shame and doubt description of task: leran to excersice their will and do things for themselves, or they will doubt their abilities

young adulthood

approximate age: 20s to early 40s issue: intimacy vs. isolation description of task: struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intamte loves, or they feel socially isolated

preschool

approximate age: 3 to 6 years issue: inititative vs. guility description of task: learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they will feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

middle adulthood

approximate age: 40s to 60s issue: generativity vs. stagnation description of task: people discover a sense of contibutiing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a loack of purpose

elementary school

approximate age: 6 years to puberty issue: competence vs. inferiority description of task: learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

postconventional morality

approximate age: adolescence and beyond focus: actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles example: "people have the right to live"

preconventional morality

approximate age: before age 9 focus: self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards example: "if you save your dying wife, you'll be a hero"

conventional morality

approximate age: early adolescence focus: uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order example: "if you steal that drug for her, everyone will think you're a criminal"

late adulthood

approximate age: late 60s and up issue: integrity vs. despair description of task: reflecting on his/her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

adolescence

approximate age: teen years into 20s issue: identity vs. role confusion description of task: work at refining the sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity or they become confused with who they are

infancy

approximate age: to 1 year issue: trust vs. mistrust description of task: if needs are dependably met, infants devlop a sense of basic trust

Association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

social animal

aristotle's term for humans since we are social creatures and have a need to belong

guilty knowledge test

assesses a suspect's physiological responses to crime-scene details known only to the police and the guilty person

gene-environment interaction

because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment

source amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (also called source misattribution); is the heart of many false memories

hair cells

auditory receptors; extremely sensitive and speed sensor; if they are damaged, they will be forever damaged; the transform sound waves into neural messages

conscious track

aware, deliberate, reflective, sequential processing

4 month

babbles many speech sounds ex. "ah-goo"

10 month

babbling resembles household language ex. "ma-ma"

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

basic research

two-word stage

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

babbling stage

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

inferioty complex

behavior driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings that trigger out strivings and power

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and enviormental influences on behavior

behavior genetics

Aggression

behavior whose purpose is to harm another

This perspective emphasizes observation of how we respond to and learn in different situations

behavioral perspective

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

subliminal

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Ernst Weber

best known for "Weber's Law", the notion that the JND magnitude is proportional to the stimulus magnitude

Howard Gardner

best known for his theory of "multiple intelligences"

own-age bias

better recognition memory for faces of one's own age group

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

exploring the links between brain and mind

biological scientist

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of , offeres a more complete picture of any given mental or behavior process

biopsychological approach

hammer, anvil, and stirrup

bones of the ear

optic nerve

carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain, made up of ganglion cells and axons

interpersonal therapy

brief variation of psychotherapy (12-16 sessions); aims to help people gain insight into their roots and difficulties and concentrates on current relationships and helping people improve their relationship skills

sadness

brow's inner corners raised, mouth corners drawn down

anger

brows drawn together and downward, eyes fixed, mouth squarish

fear

brows levels, drawn in and up, eyelids lifted, mouth corners retracted

interest

brows raised or knitted, mouth softly rounded, lips may be pursed

surprise

brows raised, eyes widened, mouth rounded in oval shape

right frontal lobe

calling up a visual party scene

antisocial personality disorder

callous and dangerous

traits

characteristic patterns of behavior

hypocretin (orexin)

chemical in your brain that causes you to feel awake

the oval window

cochlea's membrane

lazarus theory

cognitive appraisal ("is it dangerous or not?" - sometimes without our awareness - defines our emotion ie. the sound is "just the wind"

jean piaget

cognitive development theorist

experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

cognitive psychologists

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social enviorments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

community psychology

positive support

compliments, sympathy, smiles - key to finding enduring love

addiction

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

Shaping by successive approximations

conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target

Stanley Milgram

conducted a study on obedience when he had a subject shock a patient to the extent that they would be seriously injuring the patient

Big Five Personality Traits

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion (CANOE)

concrete operational stage

conservation ie. understanding that physical properties stay the same even when objects change form; having the ability to do reverse math operations

Wolfgang Kohler

considered to be the founder of Gestalt Psychology

overlearning

continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it.

substance use disorder

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

Broca's area

controls language expression - an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Wernicke's area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

semicircular canals

controls vestibular sense

dissociative disorders

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.

a branch of psychology that assists people problems with living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being

counseling psychology

massed practice

cramming

William James

created Functionalist school of thought; early American psychology teacher/philosopher

Charles Spearman

creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, concept

Robert Sternberg

creator of "successful intelligence" theory (3 types)

Paul Costa & Robert McCrae

creators of the "Big Five" model of personality traits

social-cultural influences

cultural assumptions and expectations

social script

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people transmitted from one generation to the next

culture

nonsuicidal self-injury

cutting, burning, or purposely injuring one's body to cope with stress

damage to broca's area

damage to an area of the left frontal lobe a person would struggle to speak while still being able to comprehend speech and sings songs

challenges (of growing old)

decline of muscular strength, reaction times, stamina, sensory keenness, cardiac arrest, and immune system declines; risk of cognitive decline increases

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

basal ganglia

deep brain structures involved to facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills; implicit memories

intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

standardization

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

monocular cues

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

binocular cues

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

REM

describes sleep in which vivid dreams typically occur; this type of sleep increases as the night progresses while stage 4 sleep decreases

synesthesia

describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")

formal operational stage

description: abstract reasoning typical age range: about 12 through adulthood developmental phenomena: abstract logic and potential for mature moral reasoning

sensorimotor stage

description: experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping) typical age range: birth to nearly 2 years developmental phenomena: object permanence and stranger anxiety

preoperational stage

description: representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning typical age range: about 2 to 6 or 7 years developmental phenomena: pretend play and egocentricism

concrete operational stage

description: thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and preforming arithmetical observations typical age range: about 7 to 11 years developmental phenomena: conservation and mathematical transformations

lesion

destruction that suppresses or disrupts the type of the behavior with the region causing to have opposite effects of the intentional behavior

amplitude (sound)

determines loudness

wavelength (sound)

determines pitch

Hubel and Wiesel

did a study of the activities of neurons in the visual cortex

impaired theory of mind

difficulty perceiving facial emotions and reading others' states of mind

theory of mind

difficulty perceiving facial emotions and reading others' states of mind

PYY

digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain

sensory adaptation

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

projection

disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others - disfuising form

neophobia

dislike of things unfamiliar

borderline personality disorder

dramatic or impulsive behaviors, such as attention-getting

acetaminophen

drug that lessens physical and SOCIAL pain

depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

emotional arousal

elated excitement and panicky fear involve similar physiological arousal; that allows us to flip rapidly between the two emotions

amygdala

emotion-control center

amygdala

emotion-related memory formation

catharsis

emotional release. in psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

visual perception track

enables us "to think about the world"—to recognize things and to plan future actions

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort; how we encode explicit memories

memory system

encoding, storage, and retrieval

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

On a cloudy day, a yellow flower is likely to appear ____________ it does on a bright sunny day.

equally as yellow as

David Weschler

established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS); also WISC and WPPSI

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

biological influences

evolution, individual genes, brain structure and chemistry

the study of evolution of behavior and the mind , using principles of natural selection

evolutionary psychology

Introspection

examination of one's own thoughts and feelings

narcassism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

plateau

excitement peaks at breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rate continue to increase

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions creative thinking that diverges in different directions

social norms

expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior

creativity's "five components"

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment

defensive self-esteem

fragile; focuses on sustaining itself, which makes failures and criticism feel threatening; correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior

neural activation theory

explanation: REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories which our sleeping brain weaves into stories critical considerations: the individual's brain is weaving the stories, which still tells us something about the dreamer

cognitive development theory

explanation: dream content reflects dreamer's levels of cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding; dreams stimulate our lives, including worst-case scenarios critical considerations: does not propose an adative function of dreams

information processing theory

explanation: dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories critical considerations: But why do we sometimes dream about things we have not experienced and about past events?

freud's wishfulfillment theory

explanation: dreams preserve sleep and provide a "psychic safety valve" - expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content (a hidden meaning) critical considerations: lacks any scientific support; dreams may be interpreted in many different ways

psychological function theory

explanation: regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways critical considerations: this does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams

frontal lobes and hippocampus

explicit memory formation

social cognitive theories

explore interaction between traits and social context

social-cognitive perspective

explores how people's assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive

psychological influences

exposure to stimulating conditions, and sexual fantasies

prosopagnosia

face blindness

utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

rape acceptance

false idea that women enjoy being raped and may increase a males willingness to hurt women

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

social-cultural influences

family and society values, religious and personal values, cultural expectations, and media

Ernest Hilgard

famous for his hypnosis research & the theory that a "hidden observer" theory

intuition

fast, automatic, effortless feelings and thoughts based on our experience; huge and adaptive but can lead us to overfeel and underthink

specific phobia

fear of objects or specific situations, events, animals.

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

"river of perception"

fed by sensation, cognition, and emotion

attitude

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

G. Stanley Hall

first american to work for Wundt; • Founded the American Psychological Association (now largest organization of psychologists in the USA) and became first president

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)

H. Ebbinghas

first to conduct scientific studies on memory and forgetting; learning curves

positive character

focuses on exploring and enhancing creativity, courage, compassion, integrity, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality; 2nd pillar of positive psychology

arousal theory

focuses on finding the right level of stimulation

drive-reduction theory

focuses on how we respond to our inner pushes

hierarchy of needs

focuses on the priority of some needs over others

neo-freudians

followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories; emphasized the role of the conscious mind and doubted that sex and aggression were all consuming motives

motivated forgetting

forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable

Carl Rogers

founded person-centered perspective, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

Lev Vygotsky

founder of "Social Development Theory" (note: not "social learning theory" OR "psychosocial" development...); emphasizes importace of More Knowledge Others (MKO) and the Zone of Proximal Development

Jean Paiget

four-stage theory of cognitive development - 1. sensorimoter 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational; he said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accommodation

early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral process function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

functionalism

Alfred Binet

general I.Q. tests. A Frenchman designed a test that would identify slow learners in need of remedial help. It was not that valuable in America as it was too culture bound.

task leadership

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

survivor resiliency/post-traumatic growth

greater appreciation for life, bounce back from traumatic experience

social leadership

group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

visual action track

guides our moment-to-moment movements

positive symptoms (of schizophrenia)

hallucinations, disorganized talk, inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage

physiologically induced states

hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation

asexual

having no sexual attraction to others

diminished satisfaction

having preconceived ideas of experience to reduce people's satisfaction with their own sexual partner

Diana Baumrind

her theory of parenting styles had three main types (permissive, authoratative, & authoritarian)

covert

hidden; undercover

Benjamin Whorf

his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think

Charles Darwin

his idea, that the genetic composition of a species can be altered through natural selection, has had a lasting impact on psychology through the evolutionary perspective

Alfred Kinsey

his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology & findings)

Phineas Gage

his survival of a horrible industrial accident taught us about the role of the frontal lobes (okay, he's not really a psychologist...)

Lawerence Kohlberg

his theory states there are 3 levels of moral reasoning and into 2 stages: 1. Pre-conventional 2. conventional 3. post-conventional. His theory focuses on moral reasoning rather than behavior.

prolactin

hormone associated with sexual satisfaction

ghrelin

hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain

insulin

hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

sex hormones

hormones that regulate the development and functioning of reproductive organs and that stimulate the devolopment of male and female sexual characteristics

psychodynamic perspective

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

self-esteem

how valued and accepted we feel

Cognitive

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Carl Rogers

humanistic psychology; Contributions: founded client-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard,

orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Anton Mesmer's so-called "animal magnetism" best illustrated the dynamics of

hypnosis

belief perseverance

ignoring evidence that proves our beliefs wrong; closes our mind to new ideas

imagination effect

imagining an event which never happened can increase confidence that it actually occurred

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

cerebellum and basal ganglia

implicit memory formation

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

syntax

in a given language, is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentence

semantics

in a given language, is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds

grammar

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) ex. in the word "cats" there are 2 cat and s

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Place theory

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

place theory

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated; best explains how we percieve high pitches

frequency theory (temporal theory)

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch; best explains how we percieve low pitches

phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit ex. the word "cats" has 4 c, a , t, and s'; THEY ARE NOT LETTERS

reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

embodied cognition

in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

grit

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

perceptual adaptation

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

persistent depressive disorder

in which a person experiences milder depressive feelings

randomized clinical trial

in which clients are randomly assigned to treatment or control conditions, and the treatment and control groups are compared on outcome measures

erectile dysfunction

inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient bloodflow to the penis

phonagnosia

inability to recognize familiar voices

ansomia

inability to smell

fixation

inability to view problems from a new angle; focuses thinking but hinders creative problem solving

formal operations

includes the ability to use abstract thinking

Epinephrine

increases arousal and boosts mood

sweet

indicates energy source

salty

indicates sodium essential to physiological processes

synesthetes

individuals who experience various combinations of smell, taste, touch, sight, and sound

sexually transmitted disease/infection (STD/STI)

infectious diseases spread from person to person through sexual contact

personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

storage decay

information faded from our memory

top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

self-defeating beliefs

intensely negative assumptions about themselves, their situations, and their futures lead them to magnify bad experience and minimized good ones

Francis Galton

interested in link between heredity and intelligence; founder of the eugenics movement

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

structured interview

interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales

looking inward

introspection

William Wundt

introspection-psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience (rather than science); father of modern or scientific psychology; structuralism was the approach and introspection was the methodology

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

enruesis

involuntary urination, especially by children at night, most common in young males

hypothalamus

is the control center for motivated behavior aimed to satisfy our physiological need s for food, water, and sex (part of the brain's limbic system)

James-Lange Theory

it asserts that the perception of emotion in our awareness of our physiological response to emotion arousing stimuli ie. sight of car coming - pounding heart - fear

Clark Hull-Drive theory

it maintains that the goal of all motivated behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state. It is the mechanism through which reinforcement operates

knowledge work

jobs that primarily involve cognitive activity versus physical activity

10 basic emotions

joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt

representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

halo errors

judgments based on personal qualities rather than on the job behavior

word salad

jumble of incoherent speech as sometimes heard in schizophrenia

Transformational Leadership

leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interests for the good of the group

Martin Seligman

learned helplessness is the giving up reaction that occurs from the experience that whatever you do you cannot change your situation

epigenetic effect

leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off

conduction hearing loss

less common form of hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

secure self-esteem

less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations, and more likely to achieve a greater quality of life; a healthier self-image that allows us to focus beyond ourselves and enjoy a higher quality of life

the differing and complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

levels of analysis

Roger Sperry

like Gazzaniga, studied split brain patients; showed that left/right hemispheres have different functions

right temporal lobe

location of association area that enables the recognition of faces

arousal

low versus high

progressive relaxation

lying down comfortably and tensing and releasing the tension in each major muscle group in turn

George A. Miller

made famous the phrase: "the magical number 7, plus or minus 2" when describing human memory

Francis Galton

maintained that personality and ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance (human traits are inherited)

excessive optimism

may lead to complacency may prevent recognition of real risks may be self-defeating when dealing with temptations may be directed toward group (illusionary optimism)

valid

measuring what is supposed to be measured

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"; also called declarative memory

iq

mental age/chronological age x 100

medical model

mental illness diagnosed through symptoms --> treated though therapy

Robert Zajonc

mere exposure effect; it is possible to have preferences without inferences and to feel without knowing why

graphic rating scale

method of performance measurement that lists traits and provides a rating scale for each trait; the employer uses the scale to indicate the extent to which an employee displays each trait

algorithm

methodological rule or procedure that guarantees a solution but requires time and effort

phrenia

mind

telepathy

mind to mind communication

lawrence kohlberg

moral development theorist

WAIS

most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests

gesture

motion of hands or body to emphasize or help to express a thought or feeling

transformational leadership

motivates others to identify with and commit themselves to the group's mission; tend to be rxtraverted and set high standrads

joy

mouth forming smile, cheeks lifted, twinkle in eye

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

natural selection

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

nature-nurture issue

esteem needs

need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others

saftey needs

need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

self-transcendence needs

need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

self-actualization needs

need to live up to our fullest and unique potential

belongingness and love needs

need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation

physiological needs

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

institutional discrimination

negative treatment of a minority group that is built into a society's institutions

Carl Jung

neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation

feature detectors

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

insula

neural center deep inside the brain; activated when we experience various negative social emotions like pride or disgust

phantom sights

nonthreatening hallucinations

disgust

nose wrinkled, upper lip raised, tongue pushed outward

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

unconscious track

our minds perform automatic actions, often without being aware of them; automatic intuitive, and parallel processing

rods

number: 120 million location in the retina:periphery sensitivity in dim light: high color sensitivity: low detail sensitivity: low

cones

number: 6 million location in retina: center sensitivity in dim light: low color sensitivity: high detail sensitivity: high

sensorimotor stage

object permanence ie. understanding that something is not gone for good when it disappears from sights such as when Mom "disappears" behind the shower curtain

Albert Bandura

observational learning- allows you to profit immediately from the mistakes and successes of others; his experiment had adult models punching BoBo dolls and then observed children whom watched begin to exhibit many of the same behaviors; social learning theory

recency errors

occur when raters focus only on easily remembered recent behavior

stimulus generalization

occurs when a person experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events

central route persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Walter Mischel

offered famous critique of trait theory and its claims

postive transfer

old information facilitates the learning of new information

brain differences

one hypothalamic cell cluster is smaller in women and gay men than straight men and gay men's hypothalamus reacts as do staright women's to the smell of sex-realted hormones

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

12 months

one-word stage ex. "kitty"

Big Five Personality Traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning--techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Skinner box; believed psychology was not scientific enough; wanted it to be believed everyone is born tableau rosa (blank slate); NOT concerned with unconscious or cause, only behavior

opiates

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

psychological influences (to successful aging)

optimistic outlook, physically and mentally active lifestyle

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts; linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

authoritatian parenting

parents are coercive; they impose rules and expect obedience

authoritative parenting

parents are confrontive; they are both demanding and responsive

permissive parenting

parents are unrestraining; they make few demands and use little punishment

lateral hypothalamus

part of brain that brings on hunger, when DESTROYED haves no interest in food

ventromedial hypothalamus

part of brain that depresses hunger, when DESTROYED cannot feel full and starts eating uncontrollably

prefrontal cortex

part of the brain that has one of the jobs that dampens the feeling of physical pain

hypothalamus

part of the brain that is responsible for biologically motivational processes; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is linked to emotion and reward (a brain structure lying below the thalamus)

phantom limb sensation

patients who have had a limb amputated may still experience sensations such as itching, pressure, tingling, or pain as if the limb were still there

person-centered perspective

people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies

anxiety

people constantly crave acceptance but remain vigilant to signs of possible rejection

Erik Erikson

people evolve through 8 states over the life span; each state is marked by psychological crisis that involves confronting "who am I"

avoidance

people experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to main distance to others

ash Experiment

people will conform to group even when the group is wrong. 75% confrom at least once

theory of the mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

color consistency

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

color constancy

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

precognition

perceiving future events (ie. an unexpected death in the next month)

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change

clairvoyance

perceiving remote events (ie. a house is on fire in another state)

checklists

performance appraisal methods using a series of statements about job performance

yerkers-dodson law

performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal equal better performance; you want to be alert, but not too alert and too little arousal can decrease your preformance

sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Chronic depression

persists for long periods of time

fetal alchohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

biomedical therapy

physically changing the brain's functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs; affecting its circuitry with electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery; or influencing its responses with lifestyle changes

psychiatrists

physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s or D.O.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have their own private practice.

arousal

physiological/psychological tension; inspires curiosity

cerebellum

plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning; implicit memory formation

valence

pleasant versus unpleasant feeling; positive versus negative feeling

erogenous zones

pleasure sensitive areas of the body

rewards (of growing old)

positive feelings tend to grow, negative emotions are less intense, and anger, stress, worry, and social-relationship problems decrease

posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths, and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive. uses methods to explore the building of a "good life" and a "meaningful life."

positive psychology

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

bitter

potential poisons

sour

potentially toxic acid

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

client-centered therapy

presumed problem: barriers to self-understanding and self-acceptance therapy aim: enable growth via unconditional positive regard, genuineness, acceptance, and empathy therapy technique: listen actively and reflect clients' feelings

psychosurgery

presumed problem: brain malfunction therapy aim: relieve severe disorder therapy technique: remove or destroy brain tissue

behavior therapy

presumed problem: dysfunctional behaviors therapy aim: learn adaptive behaviors; extinguish problem ones therapy technique: use classical conditioning (via exposure or aversion therapy) or operant condition (as in token economies)

cognitive therapy

presumed problem: negative; self-deflating thinking therapy aim: promote healthier thinking and self talk therapy technique: train people to dispute negative thoughts and attributions

drug therapies

presumed problem: neurotransmitter malfunction therapy aim: control symptoms of psychological disorders therapy technique: alter brain chemistry through drugs

cognitive-behavioral therapy

presumed problem: self-harmful thoughts and behaviors therapy aim: promote healthier thinking and adaptive behaviors therapy technique: train people to counter self-harmful thoughts and to act out their new ways of thinking

brain stimulation

presumed problem: server "treatment resistant" depression therapy aim: alleviate depression that is unresponsive to drug therapy therapy technique: stimulate brain through eletroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or deep-brain stimulation

therapeutic lifestyle change

presumed problem: stress and unhealthy lifestyle therapy aim: restore healthy biological state therapy technique: alter lifestyle through adequate exercise, sleep, and other changes

group and family therapy

presumed problem: stressful relationships therapy aim: heal relationships therapy technique: develop an understanding of family and other social systems , explore roles, and improve communication

psychodynamic therapy

presumed problem: unconscious conflicts from childhood experiences therapy aim: reduce anxiety through self-insight therapy technique: interpret patients' memories and feelings

preoperational stage

pretend play ie. enjoying imaginary play such as dress up ; having difficulty taking another's point of view (as when blocking someone's view of the TV)

standardized

pretested on similar group of people

frontal lobes and hippocampus

processes and stores your explicit memories for facts and episodes

tutored human enrichment

program began by Hunt; trained caregivers to play language-fostering games and to repeat baby's babbling

Albert Bandura

proposed the social-cognitive theory perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their enviornment.

leptin

protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

odorant receptors

protein molecules on cilia of olfactory sensory neurons where odorants bind

umami

proteins to grow and repair tissue

unstructured interview

provide a sense of someone's personality - informal interviews; result in interviewer illusion

Hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by a physician who sometimes provides medical treatments as well as psychological treatments

psychiatry

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalytical theory that focuses on the unconscious; id, ego, superego; believed innate drives for sex and aggression are the primary motives for our behavior and personalities

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

Anxiety disorder

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

mental illness

psychopathology

erik erikson

psychosocial development theorist

genital

puberty on, maturation of sexual interests

not engaged employees

putting in the time, but investing little passion or energy into their work

moral intuition

quick gut feelings that precede moral reasoning

24+ months

rapid development into complete sentences

measures of retention

recall, recognition, and relearning

supercell clusters

receive info from feature detectors and respond to more complex patterns

kinesthetic receptors

receptors in the muscles, joints, and skin that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation.

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep; those who complain of it often OVERESTIMATE how long it takes them to sleep and UNDERESTIMATE how long they actually slept for

secure base

refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment

leniency and severity errors

reflect evaluators' tendencies to be either too easy or too harsh on everyone

rejects

reflects

denial

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

effortful processing examples

remembering lines to a play and learning new material

prospective memory

remembering to do things in the future

compulsions

repetitive behaviors

obsessions

repetitive thoughts

stress innoculation training

replace negative self-talk with more positive comments.

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Robert Rescorla

researched classical conditioning; found subjects learn the predictability of an event through trials (cognitive element)

Edward Tolman

researched rats' use of "cognitive maps"

social-cognitive theorists

researchers who believe we learn many of ur behaviors either through conditioning or by observing and imitating others; they also stress the importance of mental processes;focus on how we and our enviornment interact

Wenicke's area

responsible for the comprehension of language and the production and meaningful speech

left frontal lobe

responsible for working memory; recalling a password; process explicit memories

implicit memory

retention independent of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection; also called nondeclarative memories

cones

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

regression

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated ie. childhood stuffed animals

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Lewis Term

revised Binet's I.Q. test and established norms for American children

nociceptors

sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful stimuli

Lewis Terman

revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children; tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show that high IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful things in life

tinnitus

ringing in the ears

social-cultural influences

roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder

adolescents

search for identity

positive groups, communities, and cultures

seeks to foster a positive social ecology; 3rd pillar of positive psychology

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

relatedness

sense of belonging

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

psychology induced states

sensory deprivation, hypnosis, and meditation

information processing model

sensory memory --> short-term memory --> long term memory

dissociates

separates

therapeutic lifestyle change

set of alterations in one's activities and behaviors to promote healthy living, has potential to prevent and treat physical and psychological conditions such as aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination, and nutritional supplements

estrogens

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

paraphilias

sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons; ie. exhibitionism, necrophilia, and pedophilia

bisexual orientation

sexual attraction to both sexes

biological influences

sexual maturity, and sex hormones, especially testosterone

heterosexual orientation

sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex

homosexual orientation

sexually attracted to members of the same sex

supordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

genetic influences

shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than among fraternal twins, sexual attraction in fruit flies can be genetically manipulated, and male homosexuality often appears to be transmitted from the mother's side of the family

mood linkage

sharing up and down moods

displacement

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person - obvious form

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

heuristics

simple thinking shortcuts that allow us to act quickly and efficient, but also put us as risks for error

NREM-2

sleep spindles, clearly asleep

disinhibitor

slows brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions

olfaction

smell

social loafing

social context: group projects psychological effect: diminished feelings of responsibility when not individually accountable behavioral effect: decreased effort

deindividuation

social context: group setting that fosters arousal and empathy psychological effect: reduced self-awareness behavioral effect: lowered self-restraint

social facilitation

social context: individual being observed psychological effect: increased arousal behavioral effect: amplified domain behavior, such as doing better when one does well (or doing worse what is difficult)

ecology of eating

social influences and portion size affect the amount of food we eat

exploring how we view and affect one another

social psychologists

This perspective in psychology focuses on how behavior and thoughts differ from situation to situation and culture to culture

social-cultural perspective

zajonic; ledoux theory

some emotional responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal ie. we automatically feel startled by the sound in the sound in the forest before it as a threat

David McClelland

studied achievement motivation; found those with high levels are driven to master challenging tasks

Need

something essential for survival

body position - kinesthesia (sensory receptors)

source: any change in position of a body part, interacting with the vision

taste (sensory system)

source: chemical in the mouth receptors: basic tongue receptors of sweet, salty, bitter, and umami

vision (sensory system)

source: light waves striking the eye receptors: rods and cones in the retina

body movement - vestibular sense (sensory receptors)

source: movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head/body movement receptors: hairlike receptors in the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

touch (sensory system)

source: pressure , warmth, cold on the skin receptors: skin receptors detect pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

hearing (sensory system)

source: sound waves (compressed air molecules) striking the outer ear receptors: cochlear hair cells in the inner ear

gay-straight differences

spatial abilities, fingerprint ridge counts, auditory system, handedness, occupational preference, relative finger lengths, gender noncomformity, age of male puberty, male body size

schizo

split

Henry Murray

stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances; devised the TAT (Thematic Appreciation Test) with Christina D. Morgan

retrieval cues

stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory; background, smell, tastes, sight

psychological influences

stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories

school-age children

strive for competence and feeling able and productive

two early schools of thought

structuralism and functionalism

young children

struggle with trust and strive for autonomy, and initiative

John Garcia

studied taste aversion in rats; led to knowledge that sickness and taste preferences can be conditioned

practical skills

such as daily personal care, occupational skill, travel, and health care.

social skills

such as interpersonal skills, social responsibility, and the ability to follow basic rules and laws and avoid being victimized

conceptual skills

such as language, literacy, and concepts of money, time, and number

mood stablizing drugs

such as lithium, used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders

insight

sudden Aha! reaction that provides instant realization of the solution

appropriate placement

suited to each child's talents so it can better promote equity and excellence

social-cultural (to successful aging)

support from family and friends; cultural respect from aging, and safe living conditions

oxytocin

supports feelings of trust, clamness and bonding with a mate

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

reaction formation

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Mary Cover Jones

systematic desensitization

behavior rating scales

systematic means of recording the frequency with which certain behaviors occur

Mary Cover Jones

systemic desensitization; maintained that fear could be unlearned; Little Peter experiment

inoculation training

teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

distributed practice

technique in which items to be learned are repeated at intervals over a period of time.

test beliefs

technique: examine consequences therapist's directives:explore difficult situations, assessing possible consequences and challenging faulty reasoning technique: decatastrophize thinking therapist's directives: work through the actual worst-case consequences of the situation you face, then determine how to cope with the real situation you face

reveal beliefs

technique: question your interpretations therapist's directives: explore your beliefs, revealing faulty assumptions such as "I must be liked by everyone" technique: rank thoughts and emotions therapist's directives: gain perspective by ranking your thoughts and emotions from midly to extremely upsetting

change beliefs

technique: take appropriate responsibility therapist's directives: challenge total self-blame and negative thinking, noting aspects where you are truly responsible and when you aren't technique: resist extremes therapist's directives:develop new ways of thinking and feeling to replace maldaptive habits

self-reference effect

tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

negative explanatory style

tendency to blame unfortunate circumstances on self and see problems as enduring

primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

testing effect

deja vu

that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

social identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests; contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

analytical intelligence

the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving

social influence

the ability to control another person's behavior

creative intelligence

the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems

competence

the ability to do something successfully or efficiently

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

practical intelligence

the ability to solve everyday problems through skilled reasoning that relies on implicit knowledge

empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

floccinaucinihilipification

the act of estimating something as worthless

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

bilingual advantage

the advantage of bilingual individuals to inhibit one language while using the other and inhibit attention to irrelevant information

intensity

the amount of energy in a light wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness by the wave's amplitude (height)

relative illuminance

the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings

Industrial-Organizational psychology (I/O)

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

extrasensory perception (ESP)

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve

the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

sleep debt

the cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep

compassionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

person-enviornment fit

the degree to which the needs and resources of a person and the needs and resources of an environment complement each other

erotic plasticity

the degree to which the sex drive can be shaped and altered by social, cultural, and situational forces

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

hue

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

wavelength (vision)

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

acoustic encoding

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

sleep paralysis

the experience of waking up unable to move

fear factor

the extent to which a person's fear keeps them from doing something; any feeling of fear that prevents an action

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

Reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

excitement

the genital areas become engorged in blood; vagina expands and secretes lubricant, breasts and nipples enlarge

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

encoding specificity principle

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

blame-the-victim dynamic

the idea that the victim of discrimination is partially responsible for that discrimination

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

infantile amnesia

the inability to remember events from early childhood

infantile amnesia

the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3

fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

readiness potential

the increased motor cortex activity prior to the start of the movement

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

the infectious agent that causes AIDS; is a retrovirus

inner ear

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

According to the text, aggression always involves

the intent to hurt

reciprocal influences

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

cognitive appraisal

the interpretation of an event that helps determine its stress impact

social intelligence

the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

settling point

the level at which a person's fixed wight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure (which are influenced by environment as well as biology); researchers prefer this term than set point

retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the PROCESSING of visual information

Surface structure

the literal ordering of words in a sentence

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

THC

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

cognition

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

intelligence

the mental potential to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time

absolute thresholds

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

sensorieneural hearing loss

the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness, caused by the damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve

testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes; a "lie" scale that assesses the extent to which a person is faking to make a good impression

rorchach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

affiliation need

the need to belong

auditory nerve

the nerve that carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the perception of sound

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

olfactory nerve

the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain

memory consolidation

the neural storage of a long-term memory

frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second)

figure-ground

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).

outer ear

the outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

sympathetic division

the part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats; pumps out the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine to prepare our body for fight or flight

Paul Broca

the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscles involved in speech was named for him, because he first identified it

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

memory

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information; serves to predict the future and alert us to potential dangers

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

physical arousal

the physical changes that occur when a person is aroused, such as increased pulse, greater alertness, and more energy

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there

minority influence

the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities

personal control

the power of the individual

social control

the power of the situation

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

frustation-aggression principle

the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

sensory interaction

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases (ie. when anxious, it's better not to become further aroused with a caffeinated energy drink)

weber's Law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system RECIEVE and represent stimulus energies from our environment

accommodation

the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

language acquisition

the process by which the infants learn to understand and speak their native language

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

Encoding

the process of getting information into short-term memory

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

rehersal

the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

perception

the process of organizing and INTERPRETING sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

narcisstic personality disorder

the self-focused and self-inflating

vestibular sense (ear)

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

vesitbular sense

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance; located in inner ear

psychological contract

the sense of mutual obligations between workers and employers

audition

the sense or act of hearing

self-disclosure

the sharing of intimate information about oneself

one-word stage

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

sensory memory

the stage that first enters when it comes into the information processing model

epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Parapsychology

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

parapsychology

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

delayed gratification (self-discipline)

the subject undergoes when the subject resists the temptation of an immediate reward in preference for a later reward; considered a key to long term success

normal curve

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

kinesthesia

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

mere exposure

the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

The Framing Effect

the tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, or framed, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

size constancy

the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

shape constancy

the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina

interviewer allusion

the tendency to overrate their ability to predict people's futures

brightness constancy (lightness constancy)

the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

planning fallacy

the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task

volley principle

the theory holding that groups of auditory nerve fibers fire neural impulses in rapid succession, creating volleys of impulses.

cannon-bard theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion' simultaneously ie. our heart races at the same time we feel afriad

opponent-process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

james-lange theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli; sequentially ie. we observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.

gate-control theory

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

reward theory of attraction

the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events

nondirective therapy

the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights

moral reasoning

the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

meopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

cornea

the transparent outer covering of the eye; where the light enters; is the first structure in focusing photons of light.

lens

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

neuroadaptation

the user's brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effect

framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

growth mind-set

their qualities can change and improve through effort

Charles Darwin

theory of evolution, survival of the fittest-origin of the species

Paul Ekman

theory that facial expressions are universal

William Sheldon

theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment; endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), ectomorphic (skinny)

fertile females theory

theory that the same genes that predispose women to be strongly attracted to men (and therefore have a lot of kids) may also dispose some men to be attracted to men seems like a far out theory...

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors; assume the problem behavior is the problem and treat it directly, paying less attention to its origins

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

hallucinations (Schizophrenia)

they see, feel, taste, or smell things that only exist in their minds

stages

those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting

Gordon Allport

three levels of traits-- 1. cardinal trait- dominant trait that characterizes your life, 2. central trait- common to all people, 3. secondary trait- surfaces in some situations and not in others

eardrum

tightly stretched membrane located at the end of the ear canal that vibrates when struck by sound waves

odor molecules

tiny airborne particles that trigger the sense of smell

empathize

to show or feel understanding of another's feelings or problems

operant conditioning

to teach a behavior, catch a person doing something right and reinforce it

negative symptoms (of schizophrenia)

toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Robert Sternberg

triarchic theory of intelligence: 1. academic problem-solving intelligence 2. practical intelligence 3. creative intelligence

individualism

trusting and acting on one's feelings, being true to self, fulfilling oneself

rationalization

trying to justify something

two-factor theory (schachter-singer theory)

tthe theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal; two factors lead to our experience of an emotion: physical; arousal and cognitive appraisal ie. we may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement depending on the context

David Hubel & Torsten Weisel

two Nobel prize winning neuroscientists who demonstrated the importance of "feature detector" neurons in visual perception

polygenetic

two or more genes contribute to the phenotypic expression of a single characteristic;ie. intelligence and height

24 months

two-word stage ex. "get ball"

heroin

type: depressant pleasurable effects: a rush of euphoria, relief from pain negative aftereffects: depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawl

alcohol

type: depressant pleasurable effects: initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition negative aftereffects: depression, memory loss, organ damage, and impaired reactions

LSD

type: hallucinogen pleasurable effects: "visual" trip negative aftereffects: risk of panic

Marijuana (THC)

type: mild hallucinogen pleasurable effects: enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation negative aftereffects: impaired learning and memory, incresed risk of psychological disorder, and lung damage from smoke

nicotine

type: stimulant pleasurable effects: arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being negative aftereffects: heart disease and cancer

Methamphetamine

type: stimulant pleasurable effects: euphoria, alertness, energy negative aftereffects:irrability, insomnia, hypertension, and seizures

caffeine

type: stimulant pleasurable effects: increased alertness and wakefulness negative aftereffects: anxiety, restlessness in insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal

Ecstasy (MDMA)

type: stimulant; mild-hallucinogen pleasurable effects: emotional elevation, disinhibition negative aftereffects:dehydration, overheating, depressed mood, impaired cognitive and immune functioning

sociopath/psychopath

unable to keep a job, irresponsible as a spouse and as a parent, assaultive and criminal

encoding failure

unattended information never entered our memory system.

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings; how we encode implicit memories

actively disengaged employees

unhappy workers undermining what their colleagues accomplish

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

cognitive dissonance

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

light therapy

use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder; has shown promise as an effective treatment

mental practice

uses visual imagery to mentally rehearse future behaviors, activating some of the same brain areas used during the actual behaviors. visualizing the details of the process is more effective than visualizing only your end goal

humanistic theories

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

psychodynamic theories

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Reification

viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing; IQ score

devaluing partner

viewing images of sexually attractive women and men may also lead people to devalue their own partners and relationships

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

connectionism

views memories as products of interconnected neural networks

outcome stimulation

visualizing the outcome of something (seeing your "A" on the grade list)

process stimulation

visualizing the processing information (studying, denying an offer to go out, etc.)

hypnagogic hallucinations

vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep; sensation of falling or floating weightlessly

sleepwalking

walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep; occurs NREM-3; also known as somnambulism

continuity

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones (ie. The pattern could be a series of alternating semicircles, but we perceive two continuous lines- one way, and one straight)

food variety

when foods are abundant and varied, we tend to eat more

misinformation effect

when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event

spillover effect

when one emotion continues from one situation to another; more happy about getting job after running as opposed to just waking up

situations likely to encourage obedience

when the authority is nearby, when the victim was not nearby, and when there were no models of defiance

unit bias

when the portion size is larger, people will eat more

curse of knowledge

when we know something, we often make the mistake of assuming others know it too

abuse-breeds-abuse phenomenon

whether reared by adoptive or biological mothers, most people who are abusive were abused as a child. NOT vice versa - most children who are abused do NOT later become abusive, most are resilient

time

while going about your day, you intentionally note the sequence of its events; ;later realizing you've left your coat somewhere the event sequence your brain automatically encoded will enable you to retrieve your steps

space

while reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page; later when you want to retrieve that information, you may visualize its location on the page

Konrad Lorenz

won Nobel prize for research on imprinting

framing

wording a question or statement so that it evokes a desired response; can influence others' decisions easily, but puts us at risk for errors

engaged employees

working with passion and feeling a profound connection to their company or organization

reliable

yielding consistent results

frequency

you effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen


Set pelajaran terkait

BUS1B Managerial Accounting Chapter 6

View Set

PHYSICS 4.07 First Law of Thermodynamics

View Set

Chapter 14- Flexibility Training Concepts

View Set