The Digestive and Urinary Systems

Select the three main components of feces.

-Intestinal cells -Fiber -Bacteria

Select all of the reasons why the small intestine isn't self-digested.

-Mucus protects the lining. -Digestive chemicals are only produced when food is present. -Its cells divide rapidly and replace themselves.

Match each nutrient with its correct description of digestion.

Carbohydrates-digestion beings int he mouth and is completed in the small intestine Proteins-digestion beings in the stomach and is completed in the small intestine Fats-emulsified by bile and digested in the small intestine Nucleic acids-digested in the small intestine

Match the nutrient on the left with its end product of digestion on the right.

Carbohydrates-monosaccharides Proteins-amino acids Fats-fatty acids and glycerol Nucleic acids-nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates

The enzymes ___ produced by cells of the stomach begins the digestion of ___ in the stomach.

pepsin; proteins

How does food move down the esophagus to the stomach?

peristalsis

Smooth muscles underlying the entire digestive tract undergo ___, which are rhythmic waves of contraction.

peristalsis

Food as well as air pass through a tube at the back of the mouth called the ___, also called the throat.

pharynx

Nitrogenous wastes are produced from the breakdown of ___ and are excreted as ___ in mammals.

proteins; urea

Select the substances that can be absorbed by the stomach.

salts (ions), water, asprin

Completion of food digestive and the majority of nutrient absorption takes place in what long, tubular organ of the digestive system?

small intestine

Muscle that control the openings between digestive organs are called

sphincters

Gastric juice is produced by the lining of the ___.

stomach

The muscular organ than receives food from the esophagus is called the ___, which produces gastric juice.

stomach

The villi and microbilli greatly increase the ___ of the small intestine, which allows for faster absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

surface area

The competitive exclusion theory can be applied to the bacterial species in the large intestine because

the normal bacteria in the large intestine prevent harmful bacteria from colonizing there.

What muscular structure in the mouth mixes food and pushes it to the back of the mouth for swallowing?

tongue

Nephrons filter the blood and produce ___ that contains wastes and excess ions for excretion.

urine

Match the vitamins to their functions int the human body.

vitamin D - bone formation vitamin A - night vision; new cell growth vitamin C - antioxidnat; production of neurotransmitters folic acid - manufacture of red blood cells

Match each vitamin to the symptom caused by its deficiency in the human body.

vitamin D - skeletal deformation folic acid - fatigue, neural tube defects niacin - pellagra vitamin C - scurvy vitamin A - blindness

The small intestine releases digestive enzymes that are able to act on short polysaccharides to release simple sugars for absorption.

TRUE

Select all the benefits provided by the trillions of bacteria that are residents of the large intestine.

They decompose cellulose and produce vitamins B and K. They prevent by harmful microbes. They break down bile.

The cells of the small intestine can be destroyed by digestive juices.

True

For water to move into a cell by osmosis, there must be ___ concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside the cell.

a higher

In the first step in the production of urine, blood pressure drives fluid and dissolved molecules into the nephron to form the

filtrate.

Chyme is

found in the stomach and consists of food and gastric juice.

Bile, which is produced in the liver, is stored in the

gallbladder.

Gallstone can form in

gallbladder.

Match each mineral with its function in the human body.

iron - part of hemoglobin and myoglobin and some enzymes calcium - blood clotting, hormone release, nerve transmission, muscle contraction phosphorus - part of DNA, ATP, and cell membranes; bone and tooth structure potassium - nerve transmisison, muscle contraction, nucleic acid synthesis

The main functions of the ___ are water absorption and waste elimination.

large intestine

In an animal's diet, micronutrients are required in ___ macronutrient are.

lesser amounts than

Bile is the produced by the ___, a large accessory digestive organ with many functions.

liver

If a person has cirrhosis, the scar tissue in the ___ blocks the flow of blood and nutrients through extensive capillary beds.

liver

The digestive system has accessory organs, such as the ___ and gallbladder which produce and store bile; salivary glands; and the ___, which produces bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase.

liver; pancreas

Water, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are four

macronutrients.

Excretion is the elimination of

metabolic wastes produced by body cells.

Minerals and vitamins are types of

micronutrients.

Select all of the following that are directly absorbed by the small intestine.

minerals, cholesterol, vitamins, amino acids, simple sugars

The ___ of the kidneys process filtrate and produce urine.

nephrons

Regulating gain and loss of water and other ions in the cells and animal body is referred to as

osmoregulation.

If there is a 10% concentration of salt outside a cell, and a 1% concentration of salt inside the cell, the net movement of water will be

out of the cell.

Most of the digestive enzymes in the small intestine are produced in the

pancreas.

Select all of the functions of the small intestine.

-absorb nutrients -complete food digestion

Gastric juice has a low pH (very acidic). Select all of the functions of the acidity of the juice.

-activates pepsin -kills certain microorganisms -denatures proteins

Select reasons why a high-fiber diet is beneficial to human health.

-assists in moving food through the digestive tract -reduces risk of colorectal cancer

Select all of the following that are macronutrients.

-carbohydrates -water -proteins -lipids

Select all of the functions of the stomach.

-continue chemical digestion of food -continue mechanical digestion of food -receive food from the esophagus

Select all the ways that animals lose water.

-evaporation from skin -evaporation from lungs -feces and urine

Select the three processes that occur during urine formation in the nephrons of the kidney.

-filtration -reabsorption -secretion

Select all of the following that are produced by different cells found in the gastric pits of the stomach lining.

-hydrochloric acid -a protein that becomes pepsin -mucus

Select all the effects of a diuretic, such as an alcoholic beverage.

-increased urine volume -decreased water reabsorption

Select all of the following that occur in the mouth.

-mechanical breakdown of food -salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates -salivary glands secrete enzymes

Select the reasons that a balanced diet can deliver long-term health benefits.

-reduced risk of heart disease -reduced risk of high blood pressure -reduced risk of osteoporosis -reduced risk of certain cancers -reduced risk of type 2 diabetes

Select all the reasons why the stomach is not digested by its own gastric juices.

-there are tight junctions between the cells of the stomach lining -the stomach has a mucus coating -little gastric juice is produced until food is present

Match the numbers on the left from the diagram with the correct term on the right.

1) anus 2) appendix 3) cecum 4) small intestine 5) large intestine 6) rectum

Place the sections of the large intestine in order from nearest the small intestine at the top of the list to nearest the end oft he digestive tract at the bottom of the list.

1) cecum 2) colon 3) rectum 4) anus

Match the number from the diagram of human teeth with the correct name of the tooth type.

1) molars 2) premolars 3) canine 4) incisors

Match each number from the human digestive system diagram with its correct label.

1) salivary gland 2) liver 3) appendix 4) esophagus 5) stomach

Place the structures in the order that food passes through them from the mouth (at the top) to the stomach (at the bottom).

1) teeth and tongue 2) pharynx 3) esophagus 4) stomach

Label the kidney structures with the proper term.

A - collecting duct B - nephron filter C - nephron tubule D - blood vessels

___ increases the reabsorption of water at the collecting duct, thus increasing the concentration of urine and conserving water.

Antidiuretic hormone

How do the microbes of the digestive tract become established in a human? Select all that apply.

Babies acquire microbes from the environment that colonize the intestines. Microbes on the mother's skin enter the baby's gut.

___ is produced in the liver and aids in fat digestion by breaking fats into little droplets.

Bile

Categorize each substances as one that is reabsorbed from the nephron tubules or secreted into the nephron tubules of the kidneys.

Reabsorbed: amino acids and glucose Secreted: drug residues and toxins

In what process do amino acids, ions, glucose, and water enter the blood from a nephron during urine formation?

Reabsorption

Match each accessory organ of the digestive system with its function.

Salivary glands - produce digestive enzymes liver - produce bile gallbladder - store bile teeth and tongue - process and swallow food

The ___ of the gastric juice denatures proteins, kills microorganisms, and activates pepsin.

acidity

In osmoregulation, the movement of ions against their concentration gradient is a process called ___ and requires ATP.

active transport

The adrenal glands release the hormone aldosterone when

blood pressure and volume are too low.

Capillaries inside each villus of the small intestine empty into a vein that transports nutrient-laden ___ to the ___.

blood; liver

Match the mineral with the symptom associated with its deficiency in the human body.

calcium - weekended bones iron - anemia potassium - heart arrhythmia sodium - muscle cramps

Blood flows from the renal artery to the ___ of the kidney, is filtered by the nephrons, and then enters the renal vein.

capillaries

The start of the large intestine consists of the pouchlike ___, to which the small, thin appendix is attached.

cecum

Inside each kidney, structures called ___ receive the fluid from serveral nephrons and empty it into the funned-shaped upper portion of the ureter.

collecting ducts

If the nephrons are malfunctioning, a person may become ___ and, without treatment, die.

dehydrating

The risk of developing type 2 ___ can be reduced by eating a balanced diet.

diabetes

The first 25 centimeters of the small intestine is called the

duodenum.

After blood is filtered at the ___ of the nephron, substances are then reabsorbed are then reabsorbed from or secreted into the filtrate, and the filtrate at the end of the nephron is called ___.

entrance; urine

What prevents food in the pharynx from entering the trachea?

epiglottis