The Mega Materials Quizlet
Based on the five case studies discussed, approximately what percentage of metals could be saved by designs aimed at using less metal
-30%
Which of the following are design principles that minimize the amount of metal used in products
-Align forces with the members of the structure so that the forces are either tension or compression, not bending -avoid over design
Which of the following will increase the rate of heat transfer?
-a large temperature difference
Which of the following methods can save >25% of global metal production, according to estimates in your book?
-applying design principles to use less metal
Between 2000 and 2045, the global population is expected to
-increase by 3 billion people -increase by 50%
If we crammed everyone in the world together in one place, how much big a square would we need?
20 x 20 miles
The largest use of steel and aluminum is in what sector?
Construction
True or False: The novel processes for making steel discussed in class cannot reduce CO2 emissions
false
In the reduction of iron ore to iron in a blast furnace, CO2 is created by the chemical reactions
true
True or False: Age-hardened aluminum alloys REQUIRE thermal cycles AFTER casting
true
True or False: We expect that the steel stock in a country plateaus once the GDP exceeds ~$20,000/person
true
True/False: Some of the exhaust gases from the blast furnace are combustible?
true
True/False: We can use natural gas to substitute for some of the coke used in a blast furnace
true
If the world were to upgrade ALL sites for Steelmaking to BAT, we could reduce emissions from steelmaking by about
10%
In the image below which point represents the highest embodied energy
A
In terms of percentage increase, which is expected to increase in production MORE, steel or aluminum?
Aluminum
Of the materials listed below, which requires the most energy to produce a tonne?
Aluminum
Which material has more of its liquid scrapped during production of stock products?
Aluminum
Which of the following are considered greenhouse gases?
CO2 and CH4
"Stock product" refers to the amount of a material in circulation in products
False
A stock product is a portion of a larger, final product
False
Which is heavier, a pound of feathers or a pound of gold
Feathers
Which of the following sectors contributes the most to energy/ process emissions of CO2?
Industry
Which of the following do not represent barriers to using designs that require less metal
None of the above
Which of the following statements about the use of coke substitution are correct?
None of the above
Estimate how many cards would need to be stacked up to equal Prof. Kelly's height?
RGK is ~ 68" tall. A deck of cards is ~1" and has 52 cards, so 52*68 = 3,536
Which method of generating electricity has a lower fraction lost to generation?
Renewables
Which of the following are opportunities to increase energy efficiency in the making of steel or aluminum?
Substitution of coke in steelmaking
Why is production scrap of aluminum better to recycle than end user scrap of aluminum?
The composition of the production scrap is better known than end user scrap
What (if anything) is wrong with the following Sankey diagram? Select all that apply.
The width of the arrows is wrong
Why don't the percentages in blue on pp.72-73 add up to 100%?
They describe the percentage of energy delivered by electricity for each process
The ability of the aluminum frame of an aircraft to resist the growth of cracks during use is determined by which of the following properties?
Toughness
The steel in your automobile counts as part of the "material stock"
True
True of False: The dramatic increase in global steel output in the 2000's was due to increased production in Asia
True
ABOUT how much more steel does the world make each year than Al?
about 50x more
The largest use of land in the US is
cow pastures
The generation of CO2 since the industrial revolution has been fully compensated for by natural "sinks" for carbon dioxide
false
True or False: Energy costs are > 50% of the cost to make steel and aluminum
false
True/False: Natural gas can substitute for all of the coke in the blast furnace
false
With future improvements in energy efficiency, we should be able to make steel for 4 GJ/tonne
false
Which In terms of extracting work, energy with what characteristic is best?
high temperature
Which of the following processes uses the most energy in making a metallic product?
making liquid metal
Which of the following is NOT a barrier to the replacement of aluminum and steel with other materials
materials w at least the same strength don't exist
The largest expense in creation of products containing materials is
people
The use of hydrogen rather than coke in reducing iron ore to iron
produces water
The largest source for recycled metal aluminum and steel is
scrap created during the production of stocks products
Match the property name to its definition
strength- resistance to permanent deformation stiffness- resistance to reversible deformation ductility- permanently deform w out breaking toughness- resist the growth of an existing crack
The biggest challenge for renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels is
the amount of land needed
What is the largest challenge facing the use of clean energy (i.e., sources that do not produce CO2) that is non-nuclear energy?
-amount of land needed to meet significant part of energy needs
Assuming that between now and 2050 it is business as usual (BAU), we expect the annual CO2 emissions from steel to
-approximately double
How is the direct reduced iron method different than making iron in a blast furnace?
-because reduction of iron ore occurs at a lower temperature in DRI -because DRI creates iron of higher purity than from a blast furnace
Which of the following are times when CO2 can be captured when hydrocarbons are the fuel
-before combustion -after combustion
Which of the following are ways to increase the energy efficiency of material production methods?
-capture the waste heat and use it -reduce the number of times the metal is cooled and then reheated
Which of the following are reasonable and acceptable options for storing CO2 permanently
-depleted oil and gas reservoirs -deep saline-water saturated reservoir rocks
Which of the following is/are true?
-energy efficiency in making steel is much less than 40 yrs ago? -we expect emissions from steel to almost double by 2050
Which of the following can be used to drive the reduction of iron ore to iron?
-hydrogen -carbon monoxide (CO)
Which of the following are true? Choose all that apply
-one cannot produce a tonne of steel from iron ore using less than about 8 GJ of energy -emissions due to aluminum production are predicted to more than double by 2050 if business as usual continues
What are some of the benefits of creating lighter products?
-one component being lighter can lead to other components being lighter -lighter vehicles typically use less fuel
What are the challenges associated with a plan to have nuclear energy provide the majority of the world's energy by 2050?
-public concerns over safety of operation and waste disposal -to have sufficient number of reactors in time, the rate of construction would have to far exceed the current or any past rate of construction
Which of the following is (are) true about the carbon dioxide emissions from the manufacturing of aluminum/steel components?
-the amount of emissions from electricity generation is dependent on the processing route -the values of CO2 emissions reported in the book are from calculations/estimations and NOT from measurements
Which of the following describes the sequence that occurs in pre-combustion CCS?
-the hydrocarbon is split into CO2 and H2, the H2 is burned and the CO2 is compressed
Which of the following is (are) true about the amount of energy used in the manufacturing of aluminum/steel components?
-the largest expenditure of energy is in the making of the liquid metal -over 70% of the energy used in aluminum component production comes from electricity
Regarding the cost of CO2 capture and storage, which of the following are correct
-the major cost is in the capture process -Including the cost in the price of the material would cause a higher percentage increase in the price of steel than in the price of aluminum -One of the large challenges in implementation is the large scale required for CCS to have a major impact -One challenge for CCS is the question of liability for the CO2 during transport and storage
Which of the following methods can save >25% of global metal production, according to estimates in your book?
-the making of the liquid metal dominates the cumulative energy -yield losses dominate the embodied energy
Select all of the below that are true about global metal production
-the ratio of secondary production to primary production is always higher for aluminum than steel -the total production of steel is always higher than that of aluminum
What is wrong with the process describe in the picture below?
-there is a part of the process in which the cumulative energy decreases
Which of the following are important in causing rising sea levels over the past century?
-thermal expansion of the ocean -melting of glaciers
Which of the following are reasons for motors to be running when not being actively used?
-to be ready whenever a part is ready to be worked upon -because some machines need time to be ready for use after being turned on
A problem with using heat transfer as a source of energy is
-to get the most efficient heat transfer, the transfer has to be slow -thermoelectrics are currently inefficient
Which of the following statements are correct?
-we are unable to remove ALL thermal cycles in metal manufacturing -some material processing steps require at or near room temperature -upstream processes produce heat at a high temperature
Which of the following are examples of scientific uncertainty ?
-we do not understand how human activity now will affect the environment in the future -we cannot predict the occurrence of innovation or its effects on emissions -we do not understand how environmental consequences will change human behavior
Why are steel and aluminum alloys so widely used relative to other materials? (Choose all that apply)
-we have well developed means of converting their ores into liquid metal economically -they are less expensive than most other materials -they have a good balance of properties for many applications
Given the pie charts here, how many GtCO2 are due to buildings?
0.31*28 = about 9
Global steel production in 2008 was approximately _____ times that of the predicted level in 2050
0.59
The number of passengers (Pax) exiting at Station F represents what fraction of ALL the passengers who exit the train?
10/71
By mass, the global production of steel is approximately _____ more times steel than aluminum
20
How much more energy does it take to make steel beyond the minimum energy needed (6.7 GJ/tonne) using the best available steelmaking technology?
2x
The expansion of ocean water upon heating is responsible for approximately what percentage of sea level rise in the last century?
50%
Of the energy used to create electricity, what fraction does Generating Losses represent?
67.14/(34.19+8.03+67.14+2.52)
Based on the pie charts on page 13 of the textbook (figure 2.1), how much carbon emissions are due to aluminum and plastic together?
Between 0.5 and 1.0
Of the aluminum that is used for industrial equipment, the percentage that is attributed to electrical cables is ____%
Between 42 and 47
In which country is it cheapest to produce one ton of steel?
Brazil
Which of the following would not be considered a "stock product" ? (Choose all that apply)
Crude oil
The ability to shape aluminum into different shapes such as beverage cans is due to which material property?
Ductility
Select all the reasons that energy is required manufacturing steel and aluminum:
Ease the deformation of the material
Which of the following is the most energy intensive process that is part of aluminum production?
Electrolysis
True or False: "Complexity" and "Uncertainty" are synonyms (for the engineers, that means they are different words with the same meaning)
False
In 2100, global steel stocks are expected to (Choose all that apply)
Have reached a plateau
Which country is expected to have the lowest steel stock per person in 2030?
India
Is the statement that "Making a recycled Al can requires only 4% of the energy as making a new can from ore" misleading?
It only considers the energy needed to get to the liquid aluminum stage
What's the most expensive part of the building process?
Labor
Which is expected to increase more compared to today, the production rate of steel or aluminum?
aluminum
Which of the following is NOT a downstream process in steel making?
basic oxygen furnace
The origin of the CO2 formed in combustion is
carbon from hydrocarbons, oxygen from oxygen gas
The function of a generator is to
convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
Which of the following is NOT a way that energy is used in making materials?
create markets for sale
Exergy is different from energy because it
describes the quality of the energy
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of nuclear energy
there are plenty of nuclear plants in existence or planned
Which of the following is NOT true about thermoelectric generators (TEG)?
today's TEG are highly efficient
In the reduction of aluminum oxide to make Al by electrolysis, CO2 is created as part of the chemical reaction
true