The neck - sonography

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Parathyroid adenoma - sono findings

-hypoechoic mass adjacent to the thyroid

Malignant characteristics of thyroid nodules

-hypoechoic nodule -mass with internal microcalcifications -solitary mass -enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes (metastasis) -"cold" nodule (nuclear medicine)

Hashimoto thyroiditis - sono findings

-mild enlargement of the thyroid gland -heterogeneous echotexture -hypervascular gland

Thyroglossal duct cyst - clinical findings

-palpable mass within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland

Branchial cleft cyst - clinical findings

-palpable neck mass located near the angle of the mandible

thyroid hormones - functions

1. Thyroxine T4 - metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates 2. Triiodothyronine T3 - same 3. Calcitonin - removes calcium from blood for storage in the bones

Normally, how many parathyroid glands are found in the adult neck?

4, sometimes a 5th

Benign congenital neck cysts found most often near the angle of the mandible

Brachial cleft cysts

The hypofunctioning thyroid nodules seen on a nuclear medicine study that have malignant potential

Cold nodules

The fluid produced by the thyroid that contains thyroid hormones

Colloid

An enlarged, hyperplastic thyroid gland

Goiter

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism that produces bulging eyes, heat intolerance, nervousness, weight loss, and hair loss

Graves disease

The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Muscles found posterior to the thyroid

Longus colli muscles

The most common cause of enlargement of a parathyroid gland

Parathyroid adenoma

The embryonic duct that is located from the base of the tongue to the midportion of the anterior neck

Thyroglossal duct

Benign congenital cysts located within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland and near the hyoid bone

Thyroglossal duct cysts

The sonographic appearance of hypervascularity demonstrated with color Doppler imaging of the thyroid gland

Thyroid inferno

A normal variant of the thyroid gland in which there is a superior extension of the isthmus

Pyramidal lobe

Muscles found lateral to the thyroid

Sternocleidomastoid muscles

Muscles found anterior to the thyroid

Strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid)

What is the first branch of the external carotid artery?

Superior thyroid artery

Branchial cleft cysts - sono findings

-anechoic mass near the angle of the mandible

Thyroglossal duct cyst - sono findings

-anechoic, well-defined, and unilocular cyst with posterior enhancement

Graves' disease - clinical findings

-bulging eyes -heat intolerance -nervousness -weight loss -hair loss

Hashimoto thyroiditis - clinical findings

-depression -increased cold sensitivity -elevated blood cholesterol levels -slight weight gain may occur

Parathyroid adenoma - clinical findings

-elevated serum calcium -elevated PTH

Graves' disease - sono findings

-enlarged thyroid gland -heterogeneous or diffusely hypoechoic echotexture -thyroid inferno

Abnormal lymph nodes - sono findings

-enlargement of the node >1cm -rounded shape -loss of echogenic hilum -calcifications

Benign characteristics of thyroid nodules

-extensive cystic components -cysts <5mm -hyperechoic mass -"eggshell" calcifications -"hot" nodule (nuclear medicine)

Enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes

Cervical lymphadenopathy

The hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules seen on a nuclear medicine study that are almost always benign

Hot nodules

A condition that results from the overproduction of thyroid hormones

Hyperthyroidism

A condition that results from the under production of thyroid hormones

Hypothyroidism

The most common form of thyroid cancer

Papillary carcinoma


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