The neck - sonography
Parathyroid adenoma - sono findings
-hypoechoic mass adjacent to the thyroid
Malignant characteristics of thyroid nodules
-hypoechoic nodule -mass with internal microcalcifications -solitary mass -enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes (metastasis) -"cold" nodule (nuclear medicine)
Hashimoto thyroiditis - sono findings
-mild enlargement of the thyroid gland -heterogeneous echotexture -hypervascular gland
Thyroglossal duct cyst - clinical findings
-palpable mass within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland
Branchial cleft cyst - clinical findings
-palpable neck mass located near the angle of the mandible
thyroid hormones - functions
1. Thyroxine T4 - metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates 2. Triiodothyronine T3 - same 3. Calcitonin - removes calcium from blood for storage in the bones
Normally, how many parathyroid glands are found in the adult neck?
4, sometimes a 5th
Benign congenital neck cysts found most often near the angle of the mandible
Brachial cleft cysts
The hypofunctioning thyroid nodules seen on a nuclear medicine study that have malignant potential
Cold nodules
The fluid produced by the thyroid that contains thyroid hormones
Colloid
An enlarged, hyperplastic thyroid gland
Goiter
The most common cause of hyperthyroidism that produces bulging eyes, heat intolerance, nervousness, weight loss, and hair loss
Graves disease
The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Muscles found posterior to the thyroid
Longus colli muscles
The most common cause of enlargement of a parathyroid gland
Parathyroid adenoma
The embryonic duct that is located from the base of the tongue to the midportion of the anterior neck
Thyroglossal duct
Benign congenital cysts located within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland and near the hyoid bone
Thyroglossal duct cysts
The sonographic appearance of hypervascularity demonstrated with color Doppler imaging of the thyroid gland
Thyroid inferno
A normal variant of the thyroid gland in which there is a superior extension of the isthmus
Pyramidal lobe
Muscles found lateral to the thyroid
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
Muscles found anterior to the thyroid
Strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid)
What is the first branch of the external carotid artery?
Superior thyroid artery
Branchial cleft cysts - sono findings
-anechoic mass near the angle of the mandible
Thyroglossal duct cyst - sono findings
-anechoic, well-defined, and unilocular cyst with posterior enhancement
Graves' disease - clinical findings
-bulging eyes -heat intolerance -nervousness -weight loss -hair loss
Hashimoto thyroiditis - clinical findings
-depression -increased cold sensitivity -elevated blood cholesterol levels -slight weight gain may occur
Parathyroid adenoma - clinical findings
-elevated serum calcium -elevated PTH
Graves' disease - sono findings
-enlarged thyroid gland -heterogeneous or diffusely hypoechoic echotexture -thyroid inferno
Abnormal lymph nodes - sono findings
-enlargement of the node >1cm -rounded shape -loss of echogenic hilum -calcifications
Benign characteristics of thyroid nodules
-extensive cystic components -cysts <5mm -hyperechoic mass -"eggshell" calcifications -"hot" nodule (nuclear medicine)
Enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes
Cervical lymphadenopathy
The hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules seen on a nuclear medicine study that are almost always benign
Hot nodules
A condition that results from the overproduction of thyroid hormones
Hyperthyroidism
A condition that results from the under production of thyroid hormones
Hypothyroidism
The most common form of thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma