the respiratory system: chapter 22
The ______ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung.
apex
nasal septum is made out of _____and _____
bone, hyaline cartilage
expulsion of abdominal contents
breath-holding assists in urination, defecation, and childbirth (valsalva maneuver)
order of flow of air through lungs
bronchi--> bronchioles--> alveoli
alar cartilage
cartilage forming the inferior aspect of the nose
Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
chronic bronchitis, emphysema
Long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to ________, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.
emphysema
gas exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between blood and air
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system. Multiple choice question. lymphatic cardiovascular digestive respiratory
respiratory
alveoli
tiny thin walled air sacs that exchange gases with the blood stream
respiratory system functions (9)
-gas exchange -communication -olfaction -acid-base balance -blood pressure regulation -platelet production -blood and lymph flow -blood filtration -expulsion of abdominal contents
respiration
-ventilation of the lungs (breathing) -use of oxygen for cellular metabolism
functions of the nose
-warms, cleans and humidifies inhaled air -detects odor -amplifies voice -aids in gas exchange
A normal residual volume would be ______ mL of air.
1300
About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?
150ml
How many lobes make up the left lung? Multiple choice question. 3 2 4 1
2
Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits?
4
How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?
4
An average tidal volume is about ______ mL of air.
500
Which structures enter the lung at the hilum? Multiple select question. a. Lymphatic vessels b. Blood vessels c. Bronchioles d. Nerves
A, B, D
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus? Multiple choice question. Alveolus Bronchopulmonary segment Lobe Pulmonary lobule
Bronchopulmonary segment
In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value? Multiple choice question. Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Tidal volume Residual volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium
incoming air stops in the ____
alveoli
respiration system
an organ stem that takes in air and expels it from the body (supplying it with oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide)
Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange? Multiple choice question. Forced expiratory volume Physiological dead space Anatomical dead space Expiratory reserve volume
Anatomical dead space
Where is the trachea located? Multiple choice question. Superior to the larynx Anterior to the esophagus Lateral to the mediastinum Posterior to the esophagus
Anterior to the esophagus
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration? Multiple choice question. Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area. Resistance increases in the lungs during inspiration, and air always takes the pathway with the greatest resistance. Pressure is the same in the atmosphere and in the lungs. Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmosp
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.
According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following? Multiple choice question. a. CO2 released from carbaminohemoglobin in the erythrocytes b. CO2 released from carbamino compounds in the plasma c. CO2 carried in the plasma as dissolved gas d. Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.
Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.
Where are the respiratory control centers located? Multiple choice question. Brainstem Cerebrum Cerebellum Corpus callosum
Brainstem
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus?
Bronchopulmonary segment
______ are a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation.
COPDs
Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box? Multiple choice question. Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate cartilages Cricoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow? Multiple choice question. Intercostal muscles Erector spinae Diaphragm Scalene muscles
Diaphragm
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below. Multiple select question. Rectus abdominis Intercostals Pectoralis major and minor Diaphragm Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes
Diaphragm, Intercostals
Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?
Hypoxemic
As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration? Multiple choice question. Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than intrapleural pressure. Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure. Intrapleural pressure is temporarily higher than atmospheric pressure.
Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.
Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below. Multiple select question. Diameter of the bronchioles Intrapleural pressure Lung compliance Partial pressure of oxygen
Lung compliance Diameter of the bronchioles
Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers? Multiple select question. Corpora quadrigemina Fornix Medulla oblongata Pons
Medulla oblongata Pons
What is the respiratory membrane?
Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which (as this graph illustrates) facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect? Multiple choice question. a. Airflow and blood flow are matched to maximize the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs. b. More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates. c. More oxygen is unloaded in the alveoli. d. Less oxygen dissolves in the blood at high altitude.
More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates.
hyaline cartilage
Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange? Multiple choice question. Movement of air in and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation Exchange of fluid between capillary blood and the surrounding tissue Flow of air into the alveoli of the lungs Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane
Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate? Multiple choice question. Epiglottis Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
proximal
Nearer to the trunk of the body
What are the four predominant components of inspired air?
Nitrogen Water vapor Carbon dioxide Oxygen
Small-cell carcinoma
Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly
Adenocarcinoma
Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria
What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung? Multiple choice question. Meninx Pericardium Peritoneum Pleura
Pleura
Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following? Multiple choice question. Filtering the air Producing speech Detecting odors Absorbing oxygen
Producing speech
Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung? Multiple choice question. a. Terminal bronchiole, tertiary bronchus, secondary bronchus, primary bronchus b. Primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, respiratory bronchiole, terminal bronchiole c. Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole d. Respiratory bronchiole, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus
Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole
Which aspect of the lung is known as the apex? Multiple choice question. Superior Inferior Anterior Medial
Superior
What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?
Tertiary bronchus
Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? Multiple choice question. The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval. The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume
Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration? Multiple choice question. The parietal pleura and visceral pleura are connected along their surfaces via tight junctions. Air entering the pleural cavity pushes against the visceral pleura. Muscles in the walls of the alveoli contract, pulling them open and sucking air into the lungs. The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.
The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.
Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration? Multiple choice question. The parietal pleura and visceral pleura are connected along their surfaces via tight junctions. Muscles in the walls of the alveoli contract, pulling them open and sucking air into the lungs. The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura. Air entering the pleural cavity pushes against the visceral pleura.
The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.
Which best summarizes the Bohr effect? Multiple choice question. a. The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity. b. More O2 will dissolve in the blood at higher pressures. c. The rate of CO2 loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues. d. Excessive inflation of the lungs will temporarily inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration.
The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.
Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange? Multiple choice question. a. The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood. b. The increased H+ concentration raises the pH of the blood, which promotes oxygen loading. c. The released protons are pumped out of the RBC in exchange for bicarbonate ions. d. H+ combines with carbonic anhydrase to form bicarbonate.
The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.
Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages? Multiple choice question. Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Cuneiform cartilage Thyroid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
What is the role of the nasal conchae? Multiple choice question. To restrict the flow of air through the nasal cavity To ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus To exchange gasses with the bloodstream To provide an open passage way for air within the nose
To ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus
Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi? Multiple choice question. Pharynx Epiglottis Bronchioles Trachea
Trachea
Which structures do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing? Multiple choice question. Vocal ligaments Vocal cords Vestibular folds Tracheal cartilages
Vestibular folds
The respiratory system does which of the following? Multiple select question. a.Supplies the body with oxygen b.Plays a role in regulating blood pressure c.Functions in vocalization and speech d. Influences calcium metabolism e. Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide
a, b, c, e
A blood pH of 7.1 would be called ______.
acidosis
Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?
alveolar
Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in ________
alveoli
Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ________of the lungs.
alveoli
Where does systemic gas exchange occur?
at the capillary networks of the tissues
lateral
away from the midline
Identify the components of a respiratory membrane. Multiple select question. a. Two separate basement membranes b. Endothelial cell of capillary c. Type II (great) alveolar cell d. Type I (squamous) alveolar cell e. One shared basement membrane
b, d, e
Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx? Choose two of the options below. Multiple select question. a. Vestibular ligaments b. Vocal folds c. Vocal cords d. Vestibular folds
b,c
The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.
base
blood and lymph flow
breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen that promote flow of lymph and blood
Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following?
bronchioles
Which letter indicates the cardiac notch in this picture? Multiple choice question. B A C D
c
The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. Multiple choice question. photoreceptors baroreceptors osmoreceptors chemoreceptors
chemoreceptors
COPDs are almost always caused by ______. Multiple choice question. baby powder cigarette smoke air pollution asbestos
cigarette smoke
Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following? Multiple choice question. Coughing Yawning Gagging Laughing Hiccuping
coughing
The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the ____________cartilage.
cricoid
in the lungs, air flows in a __________
dead end pathway
Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange?
emphysema
Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?
eupnea
acidosis
excessive acidity of body fluids (pH below 7.35)
Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______. Multiple choice question. reflexive coughing apnea inspiration expiration
expiration
True or false: The residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration.
false
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
septal cartilage
flat cartilage structure that forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum
The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______. Multiple choice question. apex hilum root base
hilium
The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______. Multiple choice question. apex base root hilum
hilum
the facial part of the nose is shaped by ___________
hyaline cartilage
The nasal septum is composed of which of the following types of tissue? Multiple select question. Hyaline cartilage Bone Elastic cartilage Dense connective tissue Fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage, bone
Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue?
hypoxia
During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______. Multiple choice question. inspiration expiration
inspiration
The ______ reserve volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume. Multiple choice question. expiratory inspiratory
inspiratory
The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea. Multiple choice question. larynx pharynx vestibule choanae
larynx
lower respiratory tract
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus? Multiple choice question. Bronchopulmonary segment Pulmonary lobule Alveolus Lobe
lobe
blood pressure regulation
lungs carry out a step in synthesizing angiotensin II
blood filtration
lungs filter small clots
The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart. Multiple choice question. lateral medial posterior
medial
Name the lobes of the human right lung. Multiple select question. Inferior Superior Lateral Middle Horizontal
middle, inferior, superior
platelet production
more than half of one's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the lungs
the nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves called ______
nasal fossae
The auditory tubes open in the ______. Multiple choice question. nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?
nitrogen
conducting zone
nose to terminal bronchioles
upper respiratory zone
nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx
organs of the respiratory system
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
the nose extends from the _________ to the ______
nostrils (nares) posterior nasal apertures (choanae)
Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below. Multiple select question. Nares Choanae Nostrils Vestibule
nostrils, nares
How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?
one
Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following? Multiple choice question. Oxygen levels pH Carbon dioxide levels Smoke and dust in the air
pH
nasal septum
partition separating the right and left nasal cavities
Angiostensin II
regulates blood pressure
Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation?
residual volume
Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus? Multiple choice question. Right Left
right
The ________lung has three lobes and two fissures.
right
olfaction
sense of smell
The pleurae are which type of membrane?
serous
respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
communication
speech and other vocalization (laughing, crying)
Which is the most common form of lung cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma
Name the lobes of the human left lung.
superior and inferior
The names of the secondary bronchi of the right lung are ______. Multiple choice question. superior, middle, and inferior anterior, posterior, and medial superior, anterior, and mediastinal left, right, and medial
superior, middle, and inferior
Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?
systemic
acid-base balance
the equilibrium in the body between acid and base concentrations
ala nasi
the flare or wing of the nose lateral to the nostril
nasal cavity
the internal chamber of the nose
The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the ____________cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.
thyroid
The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the_____________ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.
thyroid
_______volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.
tidal
medial
toward the midline
True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops. True false question. True False
true
Nasal conchae are also called ______. Multiple choice question. meatuses turbinates vibrissae choanae
turbinates