The Romans Quiz 3 Prep

Servius Tullius (reigned 578-535 BC)

-> According to legend, Servius Tullius was not born into a royal family but rather rose to power through his own merits. He was said to have been the son of a slave woman who worked for the household of King Tarquinius Priscus. -> As a young boy, he showed great intelligence and was recognized for his abilities by the king's wife, Tanaquil. -> Tanaquil saw great potential in Servius and believed that he was destined for greatness. She arranged for him to receive an education and introduced him to the king's sons, who became his close friends and confidants. -> When King Tarquinius Priscus was killed in a coup, Tanaquil convinced the people that he was still alive and that Servius was the rightful heir to the throne. With Tanaquil's help, Servius was able to gain the support of the people and was ultimately crowned as the next king of Rome.

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (reigned 616-579 BC) accomplishments

During his reign, Tarquin: a. expanded the territory of Rome by leading successful military campaigns b. and building public works such as the Cloaca Maxima, an ancient sewer system. c. He is also credited with instituting the census and dividing the Roman people into classes based on their wealth and social status.

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (reigned 535-509 BC) - Tarquin the Proud

Tarquin was known for his cruelty and oppression, and he is said to have relied heavily on his military prowess and his wealth to maintain his hold on power. Some of his major accomplishments include: a. Expansion of the Roman Empire: Tarquin continued the expansion of the Roman Empire that had been started by his predecessors. He conquered several neighboring cities, including Gabii and Ardea, and brought them under Roman control. b. Construction projects: Tarquin undertook several ambitious construction projects in Rome, including the building of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, which became one of the most important religious sites in Rome. c. Drainage system: Tarquin is also credited with the construction of the Cloaca Maxima, a massive drainage system that helped to prevent flooding and improve sanitation in Rome.

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (reigned 616-579 BC) and the Story of Attus Navius

-> According to the legend, Tarquin was seeking to expand the power and influence of Rome, and he had a vision of creating a large new public space in the city. However, he was unsure of the best way to do this, so he sought the advice of the augurs, who were priests and seers who were believed to be able to read the will of the gods through the interpretation of various signs and omens. -> Attus Navius was one of the most renowned augurs of his time, and he was called upon to offer his insight into Tarquin's vision. To test Attus' abilities, Tarquin is said to have challenged him to divine the outcome of a seemingly impossible task: to divide a large stone with a knife. Attus accepted the challenge and, with ease, was able to divide the stone in two. -> Impressed by Attus' skill, Tarquin asked him for his advice on how to create the new public space he had envisioned. Attus instructed him to build the new space on the Capitoline Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome, and to dedicate it to the god Jupiter. Following Attus' advice, Tarquin built the new space and dedicated it to Jupiter, where it became the center of public life in Rome. -> This legend illustrates the power of divination and the importance of seeking out wise counsel when making important decisions. It also underscores the significance of the Capitoline Hill in Roman culture and history, which would remain a central location for Roman government and religion for centuries to come.

Ancus Marcius (reigned 642-617 BC) and Rituals of Warfare

-> According to tradition, Ancus Marcius was responsible for instituting the practice of declaring war through the auspices of the gods, which involved the use of a sacred chicken to determine whether or not the gods were in favor of a proposed war. -> The chicken was fed special grain and then released from a cage, and the priestly officials interpreted the way the chicken ate the grain as an omen indicating divine approval or disapproval of the proposed war.

Ancus Marcius (reigned 642-617 BC) and Fetial Priest

-> In addition to the use of auspices, Ancus Marcius is also said to have established the position of the: a. fetial priests, who were responsible for performing certain religious and legal rituals related to the conduct of warfare. The fetials were responsible for declaring war, negotiating treaties, and handling matters related to prisoners of war.

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (reigned 616-579 BC) relationships with people

-> In terms of strategy, Tarquin was known for his military prowess and his ability to maintain good relations with neighboring peoples, including the Etruscans, from whom he came. -> He also sought to strengthen the power of the monarchy by building impressive public works and establishing institutions that helped to centralize power in the king's hands.

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (reigned 616-579 BC) Transfer of power to Servius Tullius

-> Lucius/Lucumo's adopted son, Servius Tullius -> According to legend, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus was assassinated by his wife Tanaquil's own son, a rival for the throne, after he was chosen as the successor by the Senate. Tanaquil, however, used her cunning to ensure that the succession would not fall to her son, but instead to Servius Tullius, who had married her daughter. -> Tanaquil told the people of Rome that her husband was not actually dead but had instead fallen into a deep sleep. She then took steps to ensure that Servius Tullius would be recognized as the new king, even though he was not the biological son of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. -> With the help of Tanaquil, Servius Tullius was able to gain the support of the people and the Senate, and he was ultimately chosen as the new king of Rome. He went on to rule for over 40 years and is credited with many reforms and improvements to the Roman state, including the creation of a new class of citizens, the equites, and the construction of the Temple of Diana on the Aventine Hill.

Servius Tullius (reigned 578-535 BC) accomplishments

-> Reform of military - divided army into classes based on wealth and created system of land distribution + allowed poorer citizens to serve in military -> Servius Tullius also reformed the Roman economy, introducing a new system of coinage that was based on a standard weight and purity. -> He also established a census that allowed for the collection of taxes and the distribution of public goods and services.

What was the Decemvirs?:

-> The Decemvirs were a group of ten magistrates appointed in ancient Rome to serve as the supreme legal and political authority in the city. The Decemvirs were appointed in 451 BC to draft a new legal code that would replace the existing laws of Rome. -> The appointment of the Decemvirs was part of a broader political conflict known as the Struggle of the Orders, in which the plebeians, who made up the majority of the population, were demanding greater political and legal rights. -> The Decemvirs were granted sweeping powers and were tasked with drafting the Twelve Tables, the first written legal code in Roman history. The Twelve Tables codified existing Roman law and established new legal precedents, providing greater legal protections for all Roman citizens. -> However, the Decemvirs soon began to abuse their power, engaging in corruption and oppression, and attempting to establish themselves as permanent rulers of Rome. This led to a popular uprising against the Decemvirs and their removal from power.

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (reigned 616-579 BC) and Bad Prince Sextus

-> The Roman Republic was founded in 509 BCE following the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, which was brought about by the death of Lucretia, the wife of a nobleman named Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. According to legend, Lucretia was raped by the son of the last Roman king, Sextus Tarquinius, which led to her suicide out of shame. This event outraged the Roman people and led to a revolt against the Tarquin dynasty, which resulted in the establishment of a new form of government, the Roman Republic.

Lucius Junius Brutus

After the rape of Lucretia he called for the overthrow of the Tarquins. He lead the revolt and succeeded. This began the development of the Consuls. -> After the death of Lucretia, Brutus was one of the leaders of the uprising against the Tarquin dynasty. He was known for his opposition to the monarchy and his support for the establishment of a republican form of government. According to legend, when the people of Rome rose up against the Tarquins, Brutus was chosen as one of the leaders of the rebellion. -> Brutus played a key role in the events that led to the establishment of the Roman Republic. He was one of the first consuls elected after the fall of the monarchy, and he helped to draft the new constitution that would guide the republic for centuries to come. He also played a key role in defeating the Tarquins in the Battle of Silva Arsia, which cemented the republic's hold on power.

Tullus Hostilius (reigned 673-642 BC) and the Horatii and Curiatii

-> The story of the Horatii and Curiatii is often seen as a symbol of the fierce and uncompromising nature of ancient Roman warfare, and it is often used as an example of the values of patriotism, honor, and duty that were held in high regard by the Romans. Tullus Hostilius's role in the story is to represent the authority of the Roman state and the uncompromising nature of its leaders. STORY: -> According to Roman tradition, the Horatii and Curiatii were three brothers from each city-state, and they fought against each other in a battle that was meant to decide the outcome of a conflict between Rome and Alba Longa. -> The Horatii represented Rome, and the Curiatii represented Alba Longa.The battle was fierce, and in the end, only one of the Horatii brothers survived. However, he managed to kill all three of the Curiatii, giving the victory to Rome. -> The surviving Horatius brother returned to Rome, where he was met by his sister, who was engaged to one of the slain Curiatii. -> When she saw that her brother was wearing the cloak of her dead fiancé, she was overcome with grief and anger and cursed her brother. Tullus Hostilius, who was the king of Rome at the time, had the sister put to death for her impiety.

Tullus Hostilius (reigned 673-642 BC) and Mettius Fufetius

-> Tullus Hostilius and Mettius Fufetius are associated with the Roman war against Alba Longa, a neighboring city-state. According to Roman tradition, Tullus Hostilius conquered Alba Longa and incorporated it into the Roman state. -> During the war with Alba Longa, the Roman army was led by Tullus Hostilius, while the Alban army was led by Mettius Fufetius. At one point during the war, Mettius Fufetius agreed to fight for the Romans and to betray his own people, the people of Alba Longa, by entering into an agreement with Tullus Hostilius. However, after the war, Tullus Hostilius had Mettius Fufetius executed for treachery. DEATH: According to tradition, Tullus Hostilius had Mettius Fufetius executed by tying him to two chariots and having them pulled in opposite directions, resulting in Mettius Fufetius being torn apart. This brutal punishment was meant to serve as a warning to other potential traitors and enemies of Rome, and it was seen as a sign of Tullus Hostilius's uncompromising and brutal nature.

Tullus Hostilius (reigned 673-642 BC) blasted away:

-> Tullus Hostilius was blasted away by a thunderbolt sent by the god Jupiter. This event was said to have occurred as a punishment for Tullus Hostilius violating the rules of religious worship and for his impiety towards the gods.

Tullus Hostilius (reigned 673-642 BC) and Horatia

-> Tullus Hostilius was responsible for the execution of Horatia, the sister of the three Horatii brothers who fought against the Curiatii of Alba Longa. -> After the battle, the surviving Horatius brother returned to Rome wearing the cloak of the dead Curiatius to whom his sister Horatia was betrothed. When Horatia saw her brother with the cloak, she was overcome with grief and anger and began to weep and curse her brother for killing her beloved. -> Tullus Hostilius, who was the king of Rome at the time, was outraged by Horatia's behavior and had her put to death for her impiety. -> Her execution was seen as a harsh punishment for her failure to show proper respect for her own family and for the authority of the Roman state.

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (reigned 616-579 BC)

-> also known as Tarquin the Elder: Dreams: a. According to Roman tradition, Tanaquil had several prophetic dreams that foretold Tarquin's success. One of these involved an eagle flying over the couple's house and taking off Tanaquil's hat, which was then placed back on her head by the eagle's talons, a sign of good fortune. b. Another dream involved the couple's servant boy, Servius Tullius, whose head was said to have been engulfed in flames while he was sleeping, but without being harmed, a sign that he would have a great future ahead. -> Tanaquil advised Tarquin to seize the opportunity and to make a bid for the throne. She disguised him as a peasant and sent him to the Roman marketplace, where he impressed the people with his oratory and charisma. Tarquin was eventually elected king with Tanaquil's help.

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (reigned 535-509 BC) - Downfall and Death

-> arquin's downfall was largely due to his own actions and the discontent he sowed among the Roman people. He was known for his cruel and tyrannical behavior, and he relied heavily on his military prowess and his wealth to maintain his hold on power. -> One of the most famous events that led to Tarquin's downfall was the rape of Lucretia. According to legend, Tarquin's son, Sextus Tarquinius, raped Lucretia, a Roman noblewoman, leading to her suicide. This event sparked a popular uprising against Tarquin and his family, with many Romans calling for their expulsion from Rome. -> Tarquin's attempts to cling to power only further fueled the people's anger. He was eventually overthrown by a coalition of Roman nobles and the army, and the Roman Republic was established in his place. Tarquin and his family were exiled from Rome, and he spent the rest of his life in unsuccessful attempts to regain his throne. DEATH: More than 1 Way: -> According to one tradition, Tarquin died in exile in Cumae, a city in southern Italy. -> Another tradition claims that he died in Tusculum, a city near Rome, while trying to reclaim his throne. -> There is also a legend that Tarquin's body was thrown into the Tiber River and that it washed up on the shore of the city of Gabii, where it was found by a woman named Tanaquil. a. According to the story, Tanaquil cut off Tarquin's head and hid it in a bundle of sticks. She then used the head to divine the future, and it is said that she successfully predicted the rise of Servius Tullius as the next king of Rome.

Ancus Marcius (reigned 642-617 BC) and Sabine

-> is said to have had significant interactions with the Sabines, a neighboring people with whom the Romans had a complex relationship -> According to tradition, Ancus Marcius continued the policy of his predecessor, Numa Pompilius, of extending Roman citizenship to the Sabines, which helped to integrate them into Roman society and prevent conflicts between the two peoples. He is also credited with constructing a new city wall around Rome, which helped to protect the city from Sabine raids. -> However, some accounts suggest that Ancus Marcius also engaged in aggressive actions against the Sabines, including leading a campaign against the city of Politorium and resettling the inhabitants in Rome. He is also said to have conquered the city of Fidenae, which was located in Sabine territory. -> The relationship between the Sabines and the Romans remained complicated throughout Roman history, with both periods of conflict and cooperation. The Sabines eventually became fully integrated into Roman society and played an important role in the development of Roman culture and government.

Numa Pompilius (reigned 715-673 BC) accomplishments:

1. Establishing the Roman religion: Numa Pompilius is said to have received divine inspiration from the goddess Egeria, which he used to establish many of Rome's religious institutions, including the Vestal Virgins and the Flaminian priests. 2. Organizing the calendar: Numa Pompilius is said to have reformed the calendar, adding two months (January and February) to the previously ten-month calendar. He also established the practice of intercalation to keep the calendar in line with the solar year. 3. Instituting peaceful policies: Numa Pompilius is said to have favored peaceful policies over war, and he is credited with instituting a number of laws that promoted peace and harmony among Rome's citizens. 4. Promoting agriculture: Numa Pompilius is said to have encouraged agriculture and animal husbandry, and he is credited with establishing several religious rituals to ensure the fertility of the land. 5. Founding of the Temple of Janus: Numa Pompilius is said to have founded the Temple of Janus, which was dedicated to the god of doors and beginnings. The temple was opened during times of war and closed during times of peace, and it remained closed for much of Numa's reign.

Who are the King that ruled after King Romulus?

1. Numa Pompilius (reigned 715-673 BC) - a Sabine 2. Tullus Hostilius (reigned 673-642 BC) - Roman born 3. Ancus Marcius (reigned 642-617 BC) - Roman, grandson of Numa Pompilius 4. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (reigned 616-579 BC) - came from Etruria 5. Servius Tullius (reigned 578-535 BC) - adopted son of Lucius 6. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (reigned 535-509 BC)

Struggle of the Orders

A great social conflict that developed between patricians and plebeians; the plebeians wanted real political representation and safeguards against patrician domination. -> The plebeians were excluded from most political and legal rights and were subject to harsh treatment by the patricians. In response, they organized themselves into a political body known as the Plebeian Assembly and began to demand greater political representation and legal protections. -> One of the key demands of the plebeians was for the creation of a written law code, which would be accessible to all and provide greater legal protections. -> In 451 BC, the Twelve Tables, the first Roman law code, was created and posted in the public forum, giving the plebeians greater legal protections and helping to bridge the gap between the patricians and the plebeians. Over time, the plebeians were able to gain greater political representation and legal rights, including the right to hold public office and the right to intermarry with the patricians. -> The Struggle of the Orders ultimately helped to establish a more inclusive and democratic system of government in Rome, paving the way for the creation of the Roman Republic.

Numa Pompilius (reigned 715-673 BC) gained Kingship through

He became king in a peaceful and non-violent manner - chosen through augury -> The story goes that after the death of Romulus, the Roman Senate was unable to agree on a successor, and so they decided to seek guidance from the gods. -> They chose two augurs, or religious officials who specialized in interpreting the will of the gods through the observation of signs and omens, to divine who the next king should be. -> These augurs were instructed to watch for the appearance of vultures during a sacrifice, which would be a sign from the gods indicating their choice for king. -> The augurs then performed the sacrifice, and soon after, one of the augurs claimed to have seen twelve vultures, while the other claimed to have seen thirteen. -> This discrepancy caused some confusion and disagreement among the Senate, but it was eventually resolved when Numa Pompilius appeared and declared that he had also seen the thirteen vultures. -> This was taken as a sign from the gods that Numa Pompilius was the chosen one, and he was then crowned as the new king of Rome.

Tullus Hostilius (reigned 673-642 BC) accomplishments:

Tullus Hostilius was known for his: a. military conquests and for his efforts to strengthen the power and unity of the Roman state. b. He led the Romans in a series of successful military campaigns, including a war against the Sabines and the conquest of the neighboring city-state of Alba Longa. c. He also oversaw a number of building projects and legal reforms, and he is credited with expanding the Roman army. -------------- 1. Military conquests: Tullus Hostilius was a warlike king who led the Romans in a series of military campaigns. He is said to have conquered the neighboring city-state of Alba Longa and to have taken many of its inhabitants as prisoners. He also led the Romans in a successful war against the Sabines and was said to have expanded the Roman territory through conquest. 2. Building projects: Tullus Hostilius was also known for his building projects. He is credited with the construction of the Curia Hostilia, which was the first permanent meeting place of the Roman Senate. He is also said to have built a new home for the Vestal Virgins, who were priestesses dedicated to the goddess Vesta. 3. Legal reforms: Tullus Hostilius was known for his efforts to strengthen the legal system of Rome. He is said to have codified the laws and to have established the office of the pontifex maximus, who was the chief priest of Rome and responsible for the regulation of religious affairs. 4. Expansion of the Roman army: Tullus Hostilius is also credited with expanding the Roman army and introducing a new division of soldiers called the centuriae. These centuriae were organized based on wealth and were used to increase the number of soldiers available to the Roman state.

Tullus Hostilius (reigned 673-642 BC) bellicose nature:

because he was a military leader who believed that the strength and unity of Rome depended on its military power. According to Roman tradition, Tullus Hostilius sought to expand the territory and influence of Rome through military conquests and campaigns. -> In his efforts to expand the Roman state, Tullus Hostilius is said to have waged a number of wars against neighboring city-states, including the Sabines and the city of Alba Longa. -> He is also said to have introduced a new division of soldiers, the centuriae, which increased the number of soldiers available to the Roman state and helped to make the Roman army a more formidable force. -> Tullus Hostilius believed that military strength and conquest were essential to the growth and prosperity of Rome. While this bellicose attitude was successful in expanding the Roman state and increasing its military power, it also contributed to a period of conflict and instability in Rome, which eventually led to his downfall.

Numa Pompilius (reigned 715-673 BC) peaceful sabine

is closely associated with the legendary peace between the Romans and the Sabines, which is said to have occurred during his reign. -> According to Roman tradition, the Sabines were a neighboring tribe with whom the Romans had been in conflict. The conflict was eventually resolved when a Sabine woman named Hersilia interceded and persuaded the Sabines to make peace with the Romans. -> This led to the integration of the Sabines into Roman society and the creation of a united Roman state. -> Numa Pompilius is often credited with negotiating and implementing the peace between the Romans and the Sabines. -> He is said to have been married to Hersilia, and he is credited with establishing many of the religious customs that were designed to promote peace and harmony between the two peoples. -> For example, Numa Pompilius is said to have established the ritual of the "jus fetiale," which was a set of religious and legal procedures used to resolve disputes between neighboring states. He is also credited with establishing the Vestal Virgins, who were priestesses charged with maintaining the sacred flame of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. The Vestal Virgins were said to be a symbol of the peaceful coexistence of the Romans and the Sabines.