The Skeletal System & Calcium Management Chapter 7

In compact bone, the Haversian canal contains _______ vessels, _______ vessels, and _______ that supply the osteocytes.

-Blood -Lymph -Nerves

Vitamin D is essential for ______ ______ and ______ and ______ formation.

-Blood clotting -Bone and tooth

The terms os and osteo- generally refer to ________. For example, the _______ _______ is a bone in the penis of dogs and ________ are bone cells.

-Bone -Os penis -Osteocytes

(Synovial joint movements) Adduction and abduction are opposite movements. ________ is the movement of an extremity toward the median plane, and ________ is a movement away from the median plane.

-Adduction -Abduction

Slightly movable, cartilaginous joints are termed _________.

-Amphiarthroses

(Types of synovial joints) Gliding joints are also called _______ joints. The movement between them is a rocking motion of one bone on the other. The main movements possible are flexion and extension, but some abduction and adduction may also be possible. What are some examples?

-Arthrodial -Carpus or wrist

(Blood supply to bone) Seen from the side on a radiograph, a nutrient foramina can resemble a crack-type fracture of the _______ _______.

-Bone cortex

In cancellous bone, the spaces between the spicules are occupied by _______ _______.

-Bone marrow

______ ______ fills the spaces between bones.

-Bone marrow

Spaces in ossified matrix are called ________.

-Lacunae

(Calcium homeostasis) Both calcitonin and parathyroid hormone maintain calcium homeostasis based on available ______ and ______ ______.

-Diet and body needs

_______ are the junctions between bones.

-Joints

Synovial joints all share some common characteristics. These include _______ surfaces on bones, articular (_______) cartilage covering articular surfaces, and a fluid-filled joint _______ enclosed by a joint _______. Firm connective tissue bands called _______ may help stabilize the bones and hold the joint together.

-Articular -Hyaline -Cavity -Capsule -Ligaments

(Calcium homeostasis) Calcium homeostasis is regulated by two _________ (calcium regulating) hormones, each of which has effects on bones. When blood calcium begins to rise too high, the hormone ________ is secreted by the thyroid glands to decrease blood calcium.

-Calciotropic -Calcitonin

Vitamin D acts as a hormone that regulates ________ levels in the blood by increasing absorption from the gut and mobilizing ________ (same as first fill in) from bone.

-Calcium

_______ and _______ are the most abundant minerals in the body and together compose three quarters of the minerals by weight.

-Calcium and phosphorous

Tiny channels through the matrix of the bone are called _______. Threadlike projections from osteocytes communicate with each other and with blood vessels through these channels.

-Canaliculi

(Bone structure) Tiny "spicules" of bone, appear randomly arranged. Cancellous or compact?

-Cancellous

(Bone structure) Light and spongy. Cancellous or compact?

-Cancellous

(Synovial joint movements) ________ is the movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle.

-Circumduction

When combined with _______ fibers, bone becomes more flexible and has greater strength.

-Collagen

Osseous connective tissue has a specialized matrix that is a combination of organic ________ fibers and inorganic _________ salts.

-Collagen -Calcium

(Formation of matrix) Osteoblasts secrete the matrix, which is initially soft and composed of ________ fibers embedded in a gelatin-like ground substance made of protein and complex carbohydrates called ________. The osteoblasts then harden the matrix through a process called ________. When ossification takes place, the matrix is infiltrated with ________ and ________ in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals, which gives the bones their hardness. As they create areas of bone, the osteoblasts become trapped in spaces in the ossified matrix called ________. Once they are surrounded by bone, the former osteoblasts are now called _________ or bone cells.

-Collagen (extracellular fibers) -Polysaccharides (ground substance) -Ossification -Calcium and phosphate -Lacunae -Osteocytes

(Bone structure) Heavy and dense. Cancellous or compact?

-Compact

(Bone structure) Tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bone. Cancellous or compact?

-Compact

_______ bone makes up the shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones.

-Compact

(Ribs) _______ _______ makes up the ventral ends of the ribs. It can either join the sternum directly or join the _______ _______ (same as first fill in) ahead of them.

-Costal cartilage

(Ribs) The ________ junction is the area where cartilage meets bony rib.

-Costochondral

(Bone formation) In endochondral bone formation, the primary growth center is the _______ of bone. The secondary growth center is the _______. This allows long bones (femur) to lengthen.

-Diaphysis -Epiphysis

The anatomical term for freely movable synovial joints is ________.

-Diarthroses

(Ribs) The _______ heads of ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae.

-Dorsal

(Calcium homeostasis) The hormone calcitonin (encourages/inhibits) calcium to be deposited in the bones by osteoblasts, (encourages/inhibits) bone re-absorption by osteoclasts, and (increases/decreases) the amount of calcium excreted by the kidney's into the urine.

-Encourages -Inhibits -Increases

(Bone formation) Most bones in the body develop by ________ bone formation. The body creates a ________ template that is replaced by bone.

-Endochondral -Cartilage

(Bone structure) The ________ is the membrane that lines the hollow interior surfaces of bones.

-Endosteum

Fibrous joints are firmly united by _______ tissue. What are some examples of these types of joints?

-Fibrous -Sutures of skull, equine splint bones

What are the three general classifications of joints?

-Fibrous (immovable) -Cartilaginous (slightly movable) -Synovial (freely movable)

(Synovial joint movements) Flexion and extension are opposite movements. _______ decreases the angle between two bones, and _______ increases the angle between two bones.

-Flexion -Extension

What are the six kinds of synovial joint movements?

-Flexion -Extension -Adduction -Abduction -Rotation -Circumduction

(Types of synovial joints) Hinge joints are also called ________ joints. One joint surface swivels around another. The only movements possible are flexion and extension. What are some examples?

-Ginglymus -Elbow joint, atlantooccipital joint

Compact bone is composed of tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bone called ________ systems that run lengthwise with the bone.

-Haversian

In compact bone, each Haversian system consists of concentric layers of ossified bone matrix arranged around a central ________ ________.

-Haversian canal

What are the four types of synovial joints?

-Hinge -Gliding -Pivot -Ball and socket

(Calcium homeostasis) The parathyroid hormone (encourages/inhibits) calcium to be deposited in the bones by osteoblasts, (encourages/inhibits) bone re-absorption by osteoclasts, and (increases/decreases) the amount of calcium excreted by the kidney's into the urine.

-Inhibits -Encourages -Decreases

(Bone formation) ________ bone formation occurs only in certain skull bones. Bone forms in the ______ tissue membranes that cover the brain in the developing fetus.

-Intramembranous -Fibrous

(Sternum) The first, most cranial sternebra is called the _______. The last, most caudal sternebra is called the _______.

-Manubrium -Xiphoid

-Bone is composed of cells embedded in a _________.

-Matrix

In synovial joints, the outer layer of the joint capsule is fibrous tissue, and the lining layer is called the synovial _________. This produces the synovial ________ that lubricates the joint surfaces.

-Membrane -Fluid

(Blood supply to bone) Large channels in large (and long) bones that carry blood in and out of bone marrow are called _______ _______.

-Nutrient foramina

________ connective tissue is the hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue.

-Osseous

________ is hardening of the matrix.

-Ossification

The cells that produce bone (secrete the matrix) are called ________.

-Osteoblasts

________ are large, multinuclear cells of the bone that absorb bone and reshape and remodel damaged bones.

-Osteoclasts

An ________ is a mature bone cell. They are located in spaces in the ossified matrix (lacunae). (They are pretty much just osteoblasts that are surrounded by bone).

-Osteocyte

(Ribs) The number of pairs of ribs is equal to the number of ________ vertebrae.

-Thoracic

(Types of synovial joints) Pivot joints are also known as _______ joints. One bone pivots or rotates on another. The only movement possible is rotation. What is the only true pivot joint found in animals?

-Trochoid -Atlantoaxial joint (joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae)

(Calcium homeostasis) When the level of calcium in the blood is too low, ________ hormone is released from the ________ (same as first fill-in) glands to increase blood calcium.

-Parathyroid

(Bone structure) The ________ is the membrane that covers the outer surface of bones. The outer layer is made of ________ tissue, and the inner layer is made of ________ cells.

-Periosteum -Fibrous -Osteoblast

(Bone marrow) ______ bone marrow is hematopoietic tissue. It is most common in younger animals, and makes up only a small portion of bone marrow in older animals. In older animals, it is mostly seen at the ends of some long bones and the interiors of the pelvic bones and sternum.

-Red

What are the two types of bone marrow?

-Red bone marrow -Yellow bone marrow

The ______ are flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax.

-Ribs

Cartilaginous joints are only capable of a slight _______ movement. What are some examples of these types of joints?

-Rocking -Intervertebral disks, pubic and mandibular symphysis

(Synovial joint movements) ________ is a twisting movement of a part on its own axis.

-Rotation

Calcium and phosphorus, together with _______, harden the teeth and form the rigid, hard material that gives bone its strength.

-Salts

Bone is the ________ hardest natural substance in the body.

-Second

(Types of synovial joints) Ball-and-socket joints are also called _______ joints. They allow all six types of synovial joints movements. What are some examples?

-Spheroidal -Shoulder, hip

In cancellous bone, the _______ are organized to stand up to the forces the bone is subjected to.

-Spicules

(Ribs) The ribs whose cartilages join the sternum are called ______ ribs and make up the cranial part of the thorax. The ones that join the adjacent costal cartilage are called ______ ribs and make up the caudal part of the thorax. The cartilages of the last ribs, the two on each side, may not join anything at all; they may just end in the muscles of the thoracic wall. These unattached ribs are called _______ ribs.

-Sternal -Asternal -Floating

(Sternum) The sternum is made up of a series of rodlike bones called ________.

-Sternebrae

The _______, also called the breastbone, forms the floor of the thorax.

-Sternum

Bones function to ________ the body, _______ the body, act as a leverage for ________ activity, store _______, and aid in blood cell formation (________).

-Support -Protect -Muscle -Calcium -Hematopoiesis

The anatomic term for fibrous joints is ________.

-Synarthroses

Which vitamin is an anti-rachitic (prevents rickets) factor or calciferol?

-Vitamin D

(Blood supply to bone) Most of the blood supply to bones comes from tiny blood vessels that penetrate in from the periosteum. The vessels pass through tiny channels in the bone matrix called ________ ________, which join at right angles to _________ ________.

-Volkmann's canals -Haversian systems

(Bone marrow) _______ bone marrow is primarily adipose connective tissue. It is most common in adult animals, and can revert to red bone marrow if needed.

-Yellow

(Endochondral bone formation) 1. Cartilage cells create new cartilage on ________ surface of the plate. 2. ________ replace cartilage with bone on _________ surface. 3. When the bone is full size the epiphyseal plates _______.

1. Epiphyseal 2. Osteoblasts, diaphyseal 3. Ossify