The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves and Spinal Reflexes

epidural

) An _______________ block is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery which affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection and can provide sensory and motor anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected

commissures

) Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the gray ________. The white matter of the spinal cord contains bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.

shingles

) In the condition ________, a virus infects dorsal root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.

cervical region

) Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the _

columns

) Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the white columns. In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as _______

white

) The ______matter of the spinal cord is mainly myelinated and unmyelinated axons

plexus

) The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n) _____

perineurium

) The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the

Ramón has a damaged left femoral nerve. This nerve also supplies sensory innervation to the skin on the anteromedial surface of the thigh and medial surfaces of the leg and foot, so he will also experience numbness in those regions

) While playing football, Ramón is tackled hard, and as he tries to get up, he finds that he has difficulty flexing and adducting his left thigh and extending his left leg. Which nerve innervating the lower limb may be damaged, and how would the damage affect sensory perception in Ramón's left leg?

subarachnoid

. Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the ___________ space.

spinal nerve

A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a _______

sciatic

As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve

loss of sensation in his torso

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?

pia mater

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

breathe on his own

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he might be unable to _____

meningitis

In __________, inflammation of the meninges occurs caused by bacteria or virus where CSF flow can be disrupted.

brachial

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise

ascending tracts

Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?

leg muscles

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the _____

subarachnoid

The Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the_______ space.

gray

The ______ horns of the spinal cord contain mainly nerve cell bodies

phrenic

The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm.

filum terminale

The _______________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament.

motor

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly somatic ______nuclei.

axons

The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains ________of sensory neurons

endoneurium.

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the ________

pia mater

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the _________

horns

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called _______

sensory

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly _________ nuclei.

spinal meninges

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the.

31segments

The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________

central nervous system.

The spinal cord is part of the ___________

arachnoid

The subdural space lies between the dura mater and the _______

dura mater

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the ________

brachial plexus.

The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________

motor

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains axons of __________ neurons.

(1) a sensory receptor and neuron to carry afferent information to the CNS; (2) an excitatory synapse on a motor neuron; (3) the motor neuron to generate an action potential and conduct the impulse to an effector such as a skeletal muscle motor unit.

What components must be present to qualify?

A reflex arc is the wiring pattern of neurons that underlie a particular reflex.

What is a reflex arc? What components must be present to qualify?

The dorsal roots contain axons of sensory neurons, so input from those afferents within the severed root would not be transmitted to the CNS and thus this lesion would result in a complete loss of feeling from the body region served by the afferent fibers in that dorsal root.

What would happen if the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were completely transected