The Urinary System ConnectHW
antidieuretic hormone
causes water to reenter the blood stream via the collecting duct
Angiotensin II triggers the __________________________ of the intraglomerular mesangial cells which results in a(an) _______________________________ of the filtration surface area.
contraction; decrease
Renin Angiotension Aldosterone Mechanism
1.) A decrease in blood pressure is sensed by the macula densa, resulting in stimulation of granular cells. 2.) The granular cells respond by secreting renin into the plasma, which eventually encounters angiotensinogen from the liver. 3.) Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I as a result of the action of the enzyme renin. 4.) Now 10 amino acids long, angiotensin I continues to circulate until being acted upon by ACE. 5.) ACE from the lungs finalizes the conversion to angiotensin II. 6.) Now in an active form, the hormone, angiotensin II binds to target cells in three distinct areas of the body. 7.) The resulting actions of angiotensin II cause the release of ADH from the hypothalamus, aldosterone from the renal cortex, and widespread vasoconstriction.
would decrease urine volume
A. increase permeability of water in collecting duct B. overexertion of aquaporins C. working outside without water access
would increase urine volume
A. taking a diuretic B. developing diabetes C. decreasing cAMP levels in collecting duct cells D. drinking large volume of water when you've rested all day
decreases filtration
- increase in capsular pressure - increase in plasma protein concentration - obstruction in the proximal tubule
heading up the _______ limb, urea is secreted
ascending
When the level of the hormone _______________ increases, a person will experience an increase in Na⁺ excretion in their urine.
atrial natriuretic peptide
negatively charged proteoglycans found in the _____ prevent most proteins in the blood from exiting the glomerular capillaries
basement membrane
what force opposes glomerular filtration
capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)
If both the glomerular and capsular hydrostatic pressures remain unchanged, an increase in the blood colloid osmotic pressure results in a(n) _____________ in the net filtration pressure.
decrease
increase in ADH
decrease urine volume
increase in aldosterone
decrease urine volume
small window like openings in the capillary endothelium, called ______, are too small to allow cells to leave the glomerulus
fenestrae
a kidney infection or injury that results in damage to the ______ may result in proteinuria
filtration membrane
the volume of blood that enters the afferent arteriole is not equal to the volume of blood that travels through the efferent arteriole due to the process termed
glomerular filtration
parathyroid hormone
increaes phosphate levels in urine
an increase in the NFP would result in a _____ in the GFR
increase
increase in ANP
increase urine volume
increase in blood pressure
increase urine volume
ADH
increases water permeability of the collecting duct; increases reabsorption of water via the collecting duct
the three components of the __________ are granular cells, the macula densa, and the mesangial cells
juxtaglomerular apparatus
The afferent arteriole reflexively contracts in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus preventing a rise in GFR. This form of regulation is called the
myogenic mechanism
pathway of urine formation to urine output
nephron collecting tubule collecting duct papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureters bladder urethra
filtration is a _______ process that depends on a _______ gradient
passive; pressure
filtration slits are formed by
podocytes
ACE inhibitors are prescribed to control blood pressure; these drugs work by reducing
the conversion of angiotension I to angiotension II
glomerulosclerosis results in a ________ of the basement membrane
thickening
Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that __________________________.
tubular secretion adds materials to the tubular filtrate while tubular reabsorption removes materials from the tubular filtrate
the process whereby the flow of filtrate through the distal tubule results in changes in GFR is termed
tubuloglomerular feedback
nitrogenous wastes of the human body
uric acid, urea, creatinine
would promote a decrease in blood pressure
vasodilation, declining levels of ADH, decreased sodium reabsorption
in the ____ there is secretion of urea, H+, creatine, and uric acid
PCT
In the DCT, ____________ can be reabsorbed and secreted heading into the collecting duct.
K+
An increase in the rate of filtrate flow through the distal tubule results in contraction of the _____ and a decrease in GFR.
afferent arteriole
which blood vessel carries blood into a gloumerulus
afferent arteriole
When systemic blood pressure decreases, the result is that the ___________ arterioles change diameter by undergoing ______________.
afferent; vasodilation
epithelial cells found where the distal tubule passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles are called the ______
macula densa
a person who experiences higher than normal levels of phosphate in their blood and higher than normal levels of Ca2+ in their urine, probably suffer from a defieciency in the production of _____
parathyroid hormone
which of the following substances utilizes paracellular transport in order to cross the basolateral membrane of the tubule cell during the process of reabsorption?
potassium
Inactivating the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 inhibits the reabsorption of glucose by
preventing glucose from entering the tubular cells
the cell type in the distal tubule and collecting duct that is responsible for Na+ and water reabsorption is the ______
principal cell
tubular ______ and secretion occurs with varying solutes in the renal tubules
reabsorption
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following?
renin
which of the following describes the location of the kidneys?
retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3
aldosterone characteristics
stimulated by angiotension II and last step of renin-angiotensin mechanism
aldosterone
stimulates sodium ion retention
renin is released in response to ______ stimulation
sympathetic
false statements about the kidneys
-both kidneys are found within the peritoneal cavity -the left kidney is located more inferior than the right kidney -the kidnyes are located completely within the level of the thoracic spine -on average, each kidney weights about 1 kg -the kidneys are superior to the adrenal glands
negative feedback control of GFR
-high GFR -increased NaCL load in nephron loop -macula densa secretes ATP -mesangial cells metabolize ATP to adenosine -adenosine stimulates granular cells -afferent arteriole constricts -reduced GFR
true statements about the kidneys
-the kidneys each have one ureter -the kidneys are retroperitoneal -the concavity of the kidney is called the hilus -the kidneys are bound to the abdominal wall by the renal fascia -a midsagittal section would not show either kidney
the flow of fluid through the renal tubules
1.) The glomerular capsule leads into the proximal convoluted tubule, the longest and most coiled of the four regions of the renal tubule. 2.) From there, the filtrate flows into the descending limb of the nephron loop, the first part of the U-shaped portion of the tubule found mostly in the medulla. 3.) Next, the flitrate makes a 180 degree turn into the ascending limb, returning to the renal cortex. 4.) The filtrate is funnelled into the distal convoluted tubule, the end of the nephron. 5.) The collecting duct receives the filtrate from the DCTs of several nephrons and funnels it toward the renal pyramid.
the hormone _________ acts in this part of the nephron and has a big impact on Na+ and K+ levels in the filtrate
aldosterone
When blood pressure drops, renin is released into the blood, resulting in an increase in the hormone ----- , which acts to decrease GFR while simultaneously raising blood pressure.
angiotensin II
Overconsumption of alcohol can cause the hypothalamus to sense that the blood is too dilute, resulting in a decrease in the production of _________ This reduces the reabsorption of water, leading to dehydration.
antidiuretic hormone
Proteinuria occurs when the filtration membrane becomes leaky, allowing proteins to cross. This impacts the blood colloid osmotic pressure by ____________________ the osmolarity gradient between the blood and filtrate, thereby ________________ the strength of this pressure.
decreasing; reducing
once in the nephron loop, the _______ limn reabsorbs water
descending
conversely, there is a noticeable reabsorption of ______, amino acids, urea, and vitamins in the same region of the tubule
glucose
the afferent arteriole contains cells called ______ that secrete the enzyme renin
granular cells
increase filtration
increase in blood pressure and constriction of the efferent arteriole
Inhibiting the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 is expected to cause a(n) __________________________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate, and would thus _____________________ the risk of dehydration.
increase; increase
would promote increase in blood pressure
increased release of renin, vasoconstriction, increased production of angiotension II, increased activity of ACE, increasing levels of aldosterone, increased activation of the thirst mechanism
natriuretic peptides
inhibit NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct
natriuertic peptides
inhibits ADH secretion, increaes hydrostatic pressure in the golumerular capillaries, inhibits NaCl reabsorption via the collecting duct