Theories H-Z

Reality Therapy: Main premise and processed

- emphasized making decisions as well as taking action and control over one's life - all human problems occur when 1+ basic psychological needs are not met

Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP): principles and concepts

-Neuro refers to neurological processes (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste) - foundation of a person's experience - Linguistic refers to ways language is used to communicate experience and communicate with others - Programming points to ways individuals organize their inner processes to achieve results - Positive intentions behind every behavior - Modeling skills at the core of NLP -Allows for individuals to re-design life for maximum new behavior - World each person experiences is a world that he/she has created unconsciously - rather than actually the "real world" - People live through their own model as though it is real

Solution Focused therapy term: resources

The main goal of the therapist is to help the client recognize his/or her own coping skills, abilities, qualities, and external resources through questioning techniques.

Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP): counseling process

- Rapport is a key to communication - empathy - Excellent and accurate listening skills - New learning experiences created using inner language of individual - Habits, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs addressed to change into more useful ones - Aim to increase awareness and choice

Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP): techniques and strategies

- language patterns - mirroring - calibration - anchoring - rational - emotive imagery: mental practice designed to create new emotional pattersn - shame attacking: to eliminate irrational shame - use of role play - behavior modification - behavioral modeling - rapport - swish pattern - meta model - outcomes - timeline

Solution Focused therapy term: coping questions

A technique whereby the therapist asks the client questions to bring awareness to the client's own resources and natural coping skills that may have gone unnoticed

Psychodynamic Therapy (Sigmund Freud): Theoretical Constructs

Freud's Psychosexaul Stages of development - Oral: Birth - 2 - Anal: 2-3 - Phallic: 3-6 - Latency: 6 - puberty - Genital: Puberty - old age - Unconscious is inferred through behavior - Consciousness is merely a small portion of the total mind - Unconscious processes are at root of neurotic systems - Intellectual insight alone will not resolve sx - old patterns must be confronted

Solution Focused therapy: techniques

- Miracle question - Compliment - Scaling question - Coping question - Eception question

Reality Therapy: 8 basic steps

1. Found out what the client's goal is 2. Determine what the client is doing to achieve the goal 3. Determine effectiveness of the behavior used to achieve the goal 4. Make a plan to gain control over situation 5. Get client's commitment 6. Excuses for failure not accepted 7. Therapist imposes reasonable consequences 8. Client's can't give up; if plan doesn't work, it's amended or a new one is created

Narrative family therapy: applications

1. helpful for families dealing with generational issues being passed down needing to re-define family and relationships 2. families stuck in blame game 3. families stuck in cultural assumptions holding family back

object relations therapy: applications

1. individual therapy: useful to address individual and unique posture towards past and current relationships 2. now well suited for managed care brief oriented therapy due to longer term focus of addressing underlying conflicts 3. less useful in group settings due to in depth nature 4. Brief therapy: ABC approach lends itself well to addressing specific problems 5. Family therapy: segmented into individuals disturbing themselves through reactions to each other in the family

Henry Murray's Theory of Needs

Everyone had a set of universal basic needs, with individual differences on these needs leading to the uniqueness of personality through varying dispositional tendencies for each need - According to Henry Murray, basic primary needs and learned (secondary needs) shape personality. External events either aid or block fulfillment of needs. Needs and environmental press combine to create thema. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) were developed by Murray.

Solution Focused therapy term: problem oriented

When clients comes to therapy and are unable to find solutions and are unable to see possibilities beyond the problem

object relations therapy: theoretical constructs

- 3 fundamental effects that exists between person and another 1. Attachment 2. Frustration 3. Rejection -Motivation occurs as a desire to fulfill unmet needs -Desire for intimacy is innate - Intimacy related to well-being - Primary desire for people to reach beyond dependency to autonomous stages of adulthood - Dysfunction occurs out of immature attempts to resolves early trauma - Failure to separate from childhood dependency leads to psychopathologic dysfunction - People tend to search for relationships that match patterns of earlier experiences -Psychological development viewed as way individuals separate and differentiate from others

Horney Therapy

- According to Horney, the real self has deficiencies that the neurotic does not like. - According to Horney, the stringent need for perfections comprise the other half of the Withdrawal category. - Both Freud and Horney agreed that dreams have importance to individuals in therapy. - Horney countered Freud's concept of penis envy with what she called: womb envy - Horney believed that we have two views of ourselves: The "real self" and the "ideal self" - According to Horney, people with which personality style believe that if they don't get involved with others, they can't be hurt by them? Moving away from people - Horney believed there are compulsive drives, but they become neurotic by a human feeling isolated, helpless, afraid, and hostile. - According to Horney, neurosis is the outcome of: basic anxiety - According to Horney, neurosis is a psychic disturbance brought on by fears and defenses against these fears. - According to Horney, aggressive types tend to keep people away from them.

Person-Centered Therapy: common techniques

- Active listening - empathy - unconditional positive regards - reflecting the feeling/paraphrasing nonverbals - congruences (understanding the client's subjective world and communicating this to the client)

MRI (Mental Research Institute) Model of Family therapy: techniques and strategies

- Address question on how to change the rules - Identify positive feedback loops supporting the dysfunction in the system - Determine, through communication, rules for maintaining these bx - Reframing bx and attitudes - analysis of communication patterns w/i family (reported = what happened; command = do something) - see clients as "stuck" instead of "sick" - reinforcement - role rehearsal - paradoxical suggestions - functional analysis of bx - out-positioning: taking the role that others family members place on them to an extreme - symptom prescription - restraining techniques: telling family they can't move fast because they are not ready

Psychoanalytic Family Therapy: counseling process

- Aim to discover desires and fears that keep individuals from acting in mature ways - Uncover unconscious impulses and defenses that have been created to defend against them - insight gained by looking in hidden motives - Process more concerned with individual than the family system - Climate of safety, openness, and trust needed to ensure members can explore previous wounds - Concerned with exploration of conflict between couples - Therapist helps individuals to recognize sources of emotional reactions Goals: 1. Help couple let go of each other in a way the allows them to be independent while remaining related 2. Help families overcome unconscious constraints so they can interact as health individuals 3. Help families overcome unproductive and irrational guilt and claim their entitlements, self fulfillment

Interpersonal Psychotherapy: Techniques and strategies

- Assist client in gaining awareness from previous states of unawareness - Help client identify personifications - Review stages of childhood -Psychoeducation - Analysis of current relationship and interpersonal functioning - Taking inventory of client's role and fantasies - Review of client/therapist relationship on ongoing basis

Interpersonal Psychotherapy: applications

- Brief therapy focus makes well suited fro managed care environment - Individual treatment - Validated use with depression - Group therapy: allows for useful interpersonal exchanges and dynamics to appear - SU - Family therapy: useful dealing with use of family interactions and interpersonal exchanges - Brief therapy: ABC approach lends itself well to addressing specific problems - Family therapy: segmented into individuals disturbing themselves through reactions to each other in the family

Person-Centered Therapy: Main premise and process

- Counseling process is determined by client, not therapist - Individual encounters conflict when personal needs and desires run contrary to needs and desires of significant others in the environment - Focus is on the person, not the presenting problem: rather than looking to solve the client's problems, the therapist encourages the client to move forward in self-actualization - If the client believes in the therapist's genuineness, empathetic understanding, and unconditional positive regard, then the client will approach positive change and self-actualization

Psychodynamic Therapy (Sigmund Freud): Theoretical Constructs

- Denial: a refusal to acknowledge event that causes distress - Counter transference: irrational reactions on part of therapist to client - Displacement: when an emotion is transferred from an individual or object to a similar person or object, but done so outside of conscious awareness - Compensation: substituting a rewarding activity for one that produces tension - Reaction formation: a defensive reaction in response to threatening impulse that is the opposite of the original - Regression: act of retreat to an earlier stage of development where there is perceived comfort - Suppression: undoing levels of consciousness and unconsciousness - Sublimation: act of channeling inappropriate social impulses into socially acceptable bx - Projection: a process in which the individual assigns unacceptable thoughts of oneself into another - Rationalization: giving to an undesirable behavior a socially acceptable motive - Introjection: taking and swallowing the values of others

REBT (Albert Ellis) Techniques

- Dispute irrational beliefs - Cognitive HW - Changing language/reframing - "Blow up" technique (Imagine whatever it is you fear happening, then blow it up out of all proportion till you cannot help but be amused by it) - Imagery - Shame-attacking (you do something bizarre in public to overcome your fear of making a fool of yourself) - Devil's advocate/reverse role-playing - Time projection (designed to show that one's life, and the world in general, continue after a feared or unwanted event has come and gone) - Catastrophe Scale - Catastrophizing - Double Standard Dispute (When the client is self-downing or holding a 'should' statement about his/or her own behavior, ask whether the client would hold another person (e.g. best friend, sister) to the same standard or label for doing the same thing, or recommend that the client hold the demanding belief for that person.) - postponing gratification

Psychodynamic Therapy (Sigmund Freud): Techniques and strategies

- Dream work: process to make latent dream work become apparent - Working through process entails working through unconscious defenses and material that originated in childhood - free associate technique: client shares that comes to mind without censorship with goals of more insight - Interpretation: therapist understanding and teaching meanings of behavior that manifest in unconscious provoking work - Interpretation of resistance: therapist teaches client of their own resistance to unconscious findings - transference analysis: analyzing in the present moment past relationship manifesting with the therapist in the now

Narrative family therapy: counseling process

- Externalizing the problem cuts down on blame or guilt - attention to cultural beliefs and practices as their relationship to the problem - challenges assumptions held by family -focus on problems effects rather than causes - therapist attempts to trace the influences of the problem - process of distinguishing between the person and the problem -goal to separate and acknowledge differences between their lives and relationships vx. stories they have told themselves - opportunity to re-author lives according to preferred stories of identity and empowerment -counseling process is aimed towards helping client move towards preferred way of living - task of renaming the problem - client's new story built on hopeful thoughts and actions in new story

Structural Family Therapy: principles and concepts

- Family problems divided into family unit or any subsystem - Focus is on family interactions to understand the structure/organization of the family Operates on 3 primary levels 1. The family 2. The presenting problem 3. The process of change - Family is viewed as a living, open system - Homeostasis: representing patterns of interactions that assure stability of the system - Structure: invisible set of functional demands or rules that organize the way family members relate - Change is the re-accomodation process that occurs in order to adjust to environmental or organic circumstances - Problem bx is viewed as a partial aspect of total family transactions and structural failings - families are viewed as competent individuals, able to solve their own problems - what works for the family is the key question

Interpersonal Psychotherapy: principles and concepts

- Focus on interpersonal contexts and skills of client - All interpersonal relationships through the lifespan matter - Closest relationships hold the greatest significance -Abandoned many of Freudian terminology - Basic core of personality persists even when patterns of behavior are modified - Anxiety viewed as a warning signal -All types of emotional suffering including guilt, shame, low feelings of self-worth fall under category of anxiety - Security if the opposite of anxiety and is a state in which the individual feels no apprehension or feeling of inadequacy -Security operation is action taken in attempt to abolish anxiety -Parataxis distortion: individual treats an individual close in their life as if another person -Consensual validation: process by which unhealthy interpersonal patterns are corrected via a health consensus - Personifications of the self and others result from social interactions and what one attends to within these exchanges

Narrative Family Therapy: Principles and concepts

- Focus on meaning in lives as well as expressing in narrative form -Language can help in shaping events in terms of hope -Narrative exercises focus on self-defeating thoughts and cognitions -Alternative ways to look at problems explored -"Problem' is viewed as the problem - not the client or the family - Focus on impact of problem on family - Externalizing language helps family members to separate their identity from the problem itself - When individuals thing of the problem as him/herself, it is difficult to change - Externalizing conversation helps to add possibilities and options - Externalizing the problem helps to improve attitudes of family members via psychic distance

Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP): theoretical constructs

- Focuses on the construction of reality - Grinder and Bandler began by studying excellence at the individual level - Mind and body are interconnected - Map is not the territory - we all have maps on how we see the world - There is only feedback - no such thing as failure - Knowing what you wants helps you get it - People have all the resources to get what they need - If something can be done, then anyone can learn that - No one is wrong or considered broken - A person cannot fail to communicate - Communication is both verbal and nonverbal - The non-conscious mind is benevolent - All behavior has a positive intent - Meaning of communication is interpreted in response I get - Modeling excellent bx leads to excellence

Psychoanalytic Family Therapy: applications

- Higher functioning families - Generally geared towards middle class and up - Requires acceptance to go into past upbringing hx

Psychoanalytic Family Therapy: theoretical constructs cont.

- Individual personalities make up families - Within marriage, feelings and needs are hidden to win approval - Marriage is a balance of rights and responsibilities - Marital factors have many unconscious factors too - Mutual projective identification-interlocking fantasies, marital collusion, mutual adaptation Marital relational contracts have 3 levels of awareness 1. Verbal: not always heard 2. Conscious but not verbalized due to fear 3. Unconscious -Libido is at center of Freudian Psychoanalytic theory - Id, Ego, Superego

Structural Family Therapy: techniques and strategies

- Mapping family structure - enactment - active approach/confrontation - joining the family in position of leadership - effective hierarchy is emphasized - re-framing/ re-labeling - creating/setting healthy boundaries - unbalancing technique to take sides briefly at times - circular questioning - HW - purposeful avoidance of doing work of family

Systemic Family Therapy: Milan Model: principles and strategies

- Multidimensional model included both present oriented and historical perspectives - change attributed to perturbations or disturbances w/i the family system - rituals are considered fundamental to social phenomena and related directly to mental aspects - family hx used to understand how children's symptoms became necessary for system

Reality Therapy: important concepts

- Must take responsibility for behavior if you want to change it - only I can change the world I have created for myself

Psychodynamic Therapy (Sigmund Freud): Counseling process

- One goal is to make the unconscious conscious - Childhood experiences are discussed and analyzed - Self understanding is necessary - Necessary for feeling and memories be experienced as well - Blank screen approach of therapist which is an anonymous stance - Neutral stance on part of therapist allows for transference relationship to develop - Clients make personal projections onto therapist

MRI (Mental Research Institute) Model of Family therapy: Principles and Concepts

- Originated by Don Jackson - Basic Premise: people are always communicating - communicating originates from family input or family output - families attempt common sense by result in misguided attempts to solve their problems - success of the solution is determined by system's rules

3 ego states

- Parent: behaviors using paradigms of caring and rules provided by the parent during childhood (taught) - child: behaves emotionally, based on thoughts and feelings replayed from childhood (felt) - adult: behaves using logic and facts (learned)

Interpersonal Psychotherapy: counseling process

- Personality characteristics observed in relationships - Client to gain understanding better how they appear to others - Insight oriented -Anxiety is recognized as warning signal to psyche - Process to help client distinguish between their own sense of self-worth and what others think of them

MRI (Mental Research Institute) Model of Family therapy: counseling process

- Premise to address the current problem - identify and change the communication and bx patterns of family dysfunction - resolve issue that is presented by family - to ultimately remove distress on family caused by dysfunctional bx - transform extreme family rules that are not working into useful and functional ones - since families are ultimately goal oriented, find current goals that have been established - not identified as a problem if family does not acknowledge it as such

Narrative Family Therapy: Theoretical constructs

- Problems develop out of a too narrow and self-defeating view of oneself - Categorization of individuals and concepts is counter productive to improvement -People have good intentions overall - People are not their problems -Alternative stores can be created about the problem, once it is recognized as separate from oneself - Behavior disorders result from experiences viewed from limited perspective - facing the problem is much different from being the problem -Pathology is de-emphasized - Theory focuses on relationship between persons and their problems -focus is on the toxicity of the external effect of the current narratives - deconstruction of how the problem is viewed by member and family

Systemic Family Therapy: Milan Model: Principles and concepts

- Team approach - Utilizes interviewers and observers - Original Milan model utilizes strategic hypothesizing 5 parts in Milan Model 1. Pre-session 2. session 3. Intersession 4. Intervention 5. Post-session -termination decision is mutual decision between therapist and family - family decisions respected - 10 session model - every member's behavior is perceived as serving the system - founded on belief that most families have a paradoxical request to fix the problem and yet remain the same as a family

Psychodynamic Therapy (Sigmund Freud): Applications

- best suited for individual work - not functioning approach for group work due to intensive intrapsychic nature and time required

Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP): applications

- brief therapy applications - coaching and performance issues - brief therapy settings - fears and phobias - stress reduction - weight control - habit eradication - individual work

Structural Family Therapy: applications

- brief therapy ideal because of present moment focus - traditional and non-traditional problems

Transactional Analysis: common techniques

- contracts - script analysis - role playing - structural analysis - empty chair

Psychoanalytic Family Therapy: strategies and techniques

- dream interpretation - hypnosis - free association - projective techniques - interpersonal interpretations - analytic neutrality - empathetic listening - projective identification - instilling sense of fairness

Transactional Analysis: Main premise and process

- early life experiences shape the life scripts that a person plays - every person possesses the 3 ego states of parent, adult, and child which are marked by experiences and emotions that related to behavior patterns - therapist charts the client's interactions (transactions) with others by indicating which ego state the client is operating in and which ego state the receiver is operating in - overall goal is to strengthen the client's adult ego state

Systemic Family Therapy: Milan Model: applications

- families with less than multiple problems - families that prefer more direction - families with self-esteem issues due to the positive focus on behaviors and attitudes

object relations therapy: techniques and strategies

- free association - making the unconscious conscious, particularly involving perceptions of relationships from child's perspective - resistance interpretation - therapist consciously avoids being pulled into maladaptive bx patterns -assist client to observe projections from previous relationships w/i therapeutic interactions - therapist assist in illuminating patterns of manipulation to establish and maintain relationships

Systemic Family Therapy: Milan Model: theoretical constructs

- initial populations were schizophrenic and anorexic - approach geared towards structural and functional models - belief that families can determine their own normal development and functioning - belief that families, with therapist help, can reorganize themselves after examination of themselves - to make one change in the family, the whole system would change - reality is always changing - family member's perspective of reality changes according to the environment's response - belief that families develop symptoms to protect family members - family system viewed as network of interpersonal and interconnected relationships - focus on power alliances w/i the family

Systemic Family Therapy: Milan Model: counseling process

- not as concerned about family's insight or interpretation of problems - initially therapists would appeared aloof as to not appear to clients to be taking sides - new meanings of problems introduced - re-defining problem in order to change perception of behavior - not focused: on ways family tried to solve problems in the past - focused: on present and past relationships among family members - actual therapy is responsible for change Therapist goals: 1. work to keep motivation high 2. specifically identify the 'customer' in the family 3. outwit the family in their own games 4. concentrate on keeping resistance low 5. use counseling strategies to expose family games and to re-frame motives - problems are re-frames in social terms - neutral attitude on part of therapist regarding definition of 'normal' family - dialogue focuses on helping families look at dichotomies of right/wrong, problem/solution, etc - process utilized to engender hope

Structural Family Therapy: theoretical constructs

- overall structure maintains dysfunctional patterns w/i the family - restructuring based on accurate observation and manipulations of interactions w/i sessions - structure is organized way in which family interacts - structure can be seen when family is in action - verbal descriptions rarely described true structure - subsystems are groups w/i groups based on age, interest, or gender - boundaries are invisible barriers that regulate interaction between members Boundaries: emotional/physical barriers that define amount and kind of contact allowable between members - enmeshed boundaries are diffused and too week - disengaged boundaries are too rigid - boundaries are reciprocal: an enmeshed boundary usually means a disengaged boundary with someone else; disengagement and enmeshed boundaries are complementary

Harry Stack Sullivan

- personality can never be isolated from the complex interpersonal relationships - Harry Stack Sullivan theorized that personality development progresses across a lifetime. Sullivan viewed social interactions as showing a dynamic self influenced by expectations of the outside world. When opposing personifications (sense of the self and of others) evolve and coexist, a person must search for balance between the "bad" and "good" selves. Gordon Allport's trait theory posited that traits fall into three general categories, which are common traits, personal traits, and cardinal traits. According to Harry Stack Sullivan, four levels of insight exist. 1. They are interpersonal presentation, in which clients gain a more objective perspective about how they appear to others; 2. complex insight, through which clients gain understanding of interactional patterns of behavior; 3. motivational insight, through which clients understand why they act in certain ways; and 4. genetic insight, through which clients understand why they are the way they are. Sullivan studied personality characteristics that can be directly observed in the context of interpersonal relationships throughout the lifespan of the individual. Personality is viewed as being formed by the interpersonal relationships an individual has during his entire lifetime, especially with those closest to him. Although patterns of behavior are modified during the aging process, the basic core remains. - According to Sullivan, anxiety is always interpersonal in origin and arises from short or long-term unhealthy relationships with others. - A security operation is any interpersonal action or attitude (of which the person is often unaware) used in the attempt to abolish anxiety and to increase emotional well-being. - Consensual validation is the process by which unhealthy

Systemic Family Therapy: Milan Model: techniques and strategies

- positive connotations: attribute positive motives to family behavior in order to support cohesion - family ritual: act assigned to family in order to change family system's rules - paradoxical injunction: requesting family to continue and try not to change their problematic behavior -circular questioning - invariant prescription technique - reframing - hypothesizing

Structural Family Therapy: counseling process

- primary goal is to create a functional structure w/ healthy boundaries - to attain sense of personal identity yet allow sense of belonging w/i family - therapy geared toward engaging family unit to initiate structure change by joining and accommodating to be more effective - structural problems related to inability to adjust change by members - solving problems is responsibility of family, not therapist - enmeshed boundaries to be strengthed - rigid boundaries to be softened in disengaged systems - effective hierarchy is emphasized - focus on activating dominant structures w/i family - restructuring occurs in the immediate present - repeating of new patterns work towards replacing older, less functional ones

Person-Centered Therapy: important concepts

- self-actualization - emphasis on creative, spontaneous, and active nature of humans - attends to matters of ethics and personal worth - gives credit to the human spirit

Psychoanalytic Family Therapy: Principles and concepts

- shift from individualism to relationship oriented object relations - systematic interaction oriented with focus on self awareness and dealing with inner conflict - family viewed as interlocking intra-psychic system - human interaction rooted in complexity of the family psychic organization - childhood experiences key to problems later in the family relationships - self awareness key to unlocking inner conflict and confusion of individual - internal objects: people related to each other based on mental images of self and others built from past expectations and experiences - attachment is considered a basic need - an average environment is sufficient for normal health development - parents are perceives as "self-objects" to a child - early attachment with mother and child viewed as important for adult development

MRI (Mental Research Institute) Model of Family therapy: applications

- suited for managed care environment due to its brief therapy focus - family scenarios in which behavioral problems are prominent - for families with self-esteem issues

social learning theory: bandura

- the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished - behavior originates and occurs as an interplay between cognitive and environmental factors - Self-concept: one's thoughts about accomplishments, failures, and perceptions within their life - Observational learning is learning that occurs as a function of intensely watching, retaining, and potentially replicating behavior executed by others. - According to Bandura's social learning theory, necessary conditions for effective modeling include Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation. - Intrinsic reinforcement is an internal reward such as pride or a sense of accomplishment. Bandura warned against problems that may arise out of too much self-punishment. These include: 1. compensation, where a person may develop a superiority complex 2. inactivity, where a person may become apathetic and bored 3. escape, where a person may seek to escape his or her problems by less functional and possibly damaging means. - learning can occur w/o a change in bx

Psychodynamic Therapy (Sigmund Freud): Principles and concepts

-Deterministic view of human nature - Behavior determined by irrational influences, unconscious motivations, and instinctual drives - Mostly created in first 6 years of life - Life instinct central to theory - Life goals surround ideas of gaining pleasure - As humans, we are not condemned to being victims of self destruction and aggression - Libido goes beyond sexual energy Personality structure made of of 3 systems 1. Id: Original system and seat of all instincts (sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories) 2. Ego: Possesses contact with outside world and works to control and regulate the personality (realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego) 3. Superego: the moral code of the personality representing the ideal versus the real side of the personality - Neurosis occurs when superego imposes guilt on the ego to inhibit impulses of Id - Anxiety is state of tension that motivates behavior - Defense mechanisms provide protection against negative feelings associated with events - Discover some of the basic wants and fears that keep her from acting in a mature way, based in: The interpretation of unconscious impulses and the defense against them - Two essential qualities needed to create a secure and cohesive self are: mirroring and idealization - development of behavior disorders is rooted in childhood transference - brief psychodynamic therapy treatment process fosters insight by looking beyond behavior to hidden motives for the behaviors

object relations therapy: counseling process

-Help client work through pathological responses that manifest between therapist and client - trusting and intimate foundation is necessary - encouragement of more independent and autonomous sense of self is emphasized - focus on overcoming developmental blocks and delays - key to understand phenomenological world of client's sense of earlier childhood memories and relationships - help client to uncover the unconscious underpinnings to current relationships

interpersonal psychotherapy: theoretical constructs

-Person defends against anxiety and seeks emotional security through self-system -focus on awareness and unawareness vs. conscious and unconscious -is human tendency towards emotional health -4 levels of insight recognized 1. Interpersonal presentation: objective perspective on how viewed by others 2. Complex insight: understanding of social interactional behavior 3. Motivational insight: understand why act in specific ways 4. Genetic insight: understand why one is why he/she is -Interpersonal over interpsychic concern -4 major problem areas: 1. Grief 2. Role dispute 3. Role transition 4. Interpersonal deficits

Transactional Analysis: important concepts

-Transactions: units of communication between individuals - strokes: units of recognition

Narrative family therapy: techniques and strategies

-externalize the problem- person is not the problem - ask client to share problem-saturate story - make destructive effects apparent -mapping the influence - relative influence questioning - reading between the lines - re-author the story - reinforce new story -deconstruct destructive cultural assumptions -thickening of new story, create alternative plot 1. re-authoring questions for new story 2. find new audience that supports new story 3. reciprocal sharing- linking to others b finding (re-remembering) individuals who value new story

Bandura: 3 primary models of observational learning

1) a live model that involves an actual individual demonstrating behavior, 2) a verbal instruction model that involves instructions being spoken regarding behaviors, and 3) a symbolic model that involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in various sorts of media.

Motivational Enhancement Therapy: Treatment objectives

1. Assess/monitor readiness to change 2. Evoke Change talk 3. Establish trust 4. Explore issues 5. Reinforce self-motivational statements 6. Reinforce client's efforts 7. Empower client 8. Encourage client to take action to change 9. Explore values 10. Deflect/defuse resistance

Motivational Enhancement Therapy: Techniques

1. Motivational interviewing and open-ended questions 2. Empathetic responding 3. Affirmation 4. Reframing 5. Develop a discrepancy 6. Roll with resistance 7. Shift focus 8. Reflection 9. Double sided reflection 10. Emphasis autonomy/personal choice

object relations therapy: Principles and concepts

1. The self exists in relation to other objects 2. Interpersonal relationships exists intrapsychically 3. Early childhood patterns tend to repeat 4. Object relates to other of which child becomes attached 5. Other represents entity to which infant perceives gratifying needs 6. Object representations are not always accurate representations 7. Bond and relationship to others is considered focus of personality 8. Also referred to as self-psychology 9. Mahler studied relationship between moths and child during first 3 years of life 10. Object relations theory developed from orthodox psychoanalysis

Reality Therapy: common techniques

1. metaphors 2. confrontation 3. paradox 4. humor 5. plans of action

Reality Therapy: 5 basic psychological needs

1. power 2. love and belonging 3. freedom 4. fun 5. survival

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation - Carl Jung typed personality into four structural aspects, which are: 1. introversion/ extroversion, 2. sensing/ intuition, 3. thinking/ feeling, and 4. judgment/ perception. Jung's work is credited as the basis for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, an assessment used in counseling, research, and education. Jung used the word-association technique and introversion/extroversion in personality assessment.

Psychoanalytic Family Therapy: theoretical constructs

2 qualities create secure cohesive self: 1. Mirroring: I see how you feel 2. Idealization: view that parents are good and powerful and that I am a part of them - Behavior disorders derived from childhood transference Human beings long for appreciation: 1. Acceptance from parents leads to self confidence - Flat/unresponsive parents lead to children who crave attention, are unhappy and feel cheated out of love -Projective identification: defense mechanism in which person assigns characteristics of themselves on to another - False self: defensive mask, develops as a result of perceived need for acceptance - Narcissism: develops out of an inflated self love - Fixation: develops out of being stuck in a particular developmental stage - Regression: occurs when an individual returns to a less mature level of functioning, usually under stress - Idealization: happens when another's virtues are exaggerated

object relations therapy: theoretical constructs

4 stages of development: 1. Normal infantile autism: infant responding to physiological tension rather than psychological 2. Symbiosis (3-6mos): infant views mother as partner while expecting high degree of emotional attunement 3. Separation/individuation (7 mo) child begins to separate from others, but turns to them for comfort 4. Move to constancy of self and object: in force by 24th month

REBT: ABC Theory

A method from REBT utilized to make the connection between (A) the activating event, (B) the belief around the event, and (C) the emotional and behavioral consequences of the belief. REBT adds (D) disputing the irrational belief and (E) the emotional result of replacing it with a rational one.

REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)

A process where by one identifies the irrational beliefs causing negative emotions and substitutes them with positive alternatives by disputing the irrational ones. The purpose of this process is to alter one's emotions and moods in order to feel better.

Solution Focused therapy term: miracle question

A technique whereby the therapist asks the client a question based on a miracle that occurred overnight when his/or her problem(s) was solved; the client is then encouraged to describe what would be different if his/or her problem was gone. The therapist can then help the client envision solutions or goals.

Solution Focused therapy term: exception-finding questions

A technique whereby the therapist asks the client questions that will help the client recognize occurrences when the problem didn't exist or what the client did differently while the problem was occurring

Solution Focused therapy term: Co-operating relationship

A therapeutic relationship by which the therapist engages with the client in a collaborative fashion of honesty, optimism, nurturing, and authenticity ; the client becomes the expert as opposed to the therapist being the expert.

Ainsworth model of attachment

Ainsworth (1970) identified three main attachment styles, secure (type B), insecure avoidant (type A) and insecure ambivalent/resistant (type C). She concluded that these attachment styles were the result of early interactions with the mother.

Narrative Family Therapy

Another postmodern therapeutic approach involves the use of narratives, which are stories family members bring to therapy. These narratives may be negative and limiting perceptions of themselves and their lives.

Solution Focused therapy term: summary/bridging question

When the client is asked if he/or she continues to practice the things he/or she is doing, would the client continue to practice them on the path toward his/or her goals

Solution Focused therapy term: Insso Kim Berg and Steve De Shzer; William O'Hanlon

Wife of Steve de Shazer who co-developer solution-focused brief therapy; The primary developer of solution-focused brief therapy He was originally trained by Milton Erickson, but he then branched out on his own to expand solution-focused brief therapy.

MRI (Mental Research Institute) Model of Family therapy: theoretical constructs

Feedback loops: chains of stimulus and response - When attempts to solve problem go awry, a positive feedback loop is created - Positive feedback loops worsen the problems - Communication w/i family includes all behavior - Problem focused - Not insight oriented - Behavioral change directed - re-labeling Types of change - First order change: bx in the system changes - Second order change: rules that affect a bx change - Family rules around hierarchical structure are often a cause of family problems - Transform extreme family rules into useful and functional rules -Circular causality: points to change in communication patterns in the form of feedback loops; does not look for underlying motives -Family homeostasis: bx that keeps things the same - Correct bx: bx is neither right or wrong - Meta-communication points to nonverbal communication that affects the verbal messages - Symmetrical relationships occur based on commonality: when bx of one individual reflects bx of another

Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)

Short-term program for addictions to increase client's motivation to change *method of counseling where the client's internal motivation is the driving force for changing problem bx *FRAMES (feedback, emphasis on personal responsibility, clear advice to change, a menu of alternative, therapist empathy, facilitation of client self efficacy) *Goes hand in hand with the stages of change Used in arenas where sessions are infrequent

Aaron T. Beck's Cognitive Therapy

The goal of therapy is to help clients recognize and restructure their thinking - therapists also guide clients to 1. challenge their dysfunctional thoughts 2. try out new interpretations 3. apply new ways of thinking in their daily lives - client's cognitions represent a synthesis of both internal and external stimuli. These constitute a reflective configuration of his or her world--past and future - client's issues can be attributed to distorted constructions of reality on three levels: view of self, view of experiences, and view of the future - through psychological therapy, a client could become aware of his or her cognitive distortions - correcting faulty cognitive constructs can often lead to clinical improvement - cognitive bias: a systematic shift on the part of an individual in processing a particular situation or relationship - one's emotions, biology, behavior, and motivation are bi-directional and act together as a mode - An overgeneralization is when a single negative event is viewed as a never ending pattern of defeat or demise - negative feelings result from perceived facts that cause the feelings. One does not consider that the feelings are a misrepresentation of the facts

Solution Focused therapy term: exceptions

The moments during the most chronic problems when the problems were less severe or did not occur

Solution Focused therapy term: negotiating

The process by which the client is invited to describe his/or her problems in a way that creates space for future possibilities

Solution Focused therapy term: evoking

The process by which the client is invited to get in touch and expand on his/or her own knowledge and experiences in order to cultivate a desired change or achieve goals

object relations therapy

a variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

an approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns 1. Relapse: Change in mood re-activates negative thought 2. Cognitive Reactivity: Tendency of formerly depressed people to react to mild changes in mood with large changes in thinking - worsening of previously controlled episode 3. Rumination: Response style of thinking that is self-focused 4. Mindfulness: Paying attention in a purposeful way, in present moment 5. Depression: mood disorder

Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP)

an approach to communication, personal development, and psychotherapy created in the U.S. in the 1970s that claims there is a connection between neurological processes, language and behavioral patterns learned through experience, and that these can be changed to achieve specific goals in life -says we use several primary representational systems to experience the world, which can be explained by the acronym VAKOG: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory and gustatory. -has since been overwhelmingly discredited scientifically

Bowlby's attachment theory

children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival - Bowlby referred to separation anxiety as severe distress that occurs with separation from an attachment figure. - Bowlby believed that attachment was characterized by four distinguishing features: 1. proximity maintenance 2. safe haven: when a child returns to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of threat or fear 3. secure base 4. separation distress. - Bowlby shared the view that childhood experiences have a major effect on development and behavior later in life. - One of the stages of prolonged separation that Bowlby identified was despair, characterized by giving up and withdrawal behaviors by the child. (protest, despair and detachment) Protest: The child cries, screams and protests angrily when the parent leaves. They will try to cling on to the parent to stop them leaving. Despair: The child's protesting begins to stop, and they appear to be calmer although still upset. The child refuses others' attempts for comfort and often seems withdrawn and uninterested in anything Detachment: If separation continues the child will start to engage with other people again. They will reject the caregiver on their return and show strong signs of anger. - Bowlby's concept of critical periods relies on a biological predisposition for infants to smile and cry while adults are programmed to respond to the infant. These attachments become increasingly targeted to caregivers after six months.