Theory Exam 3 study set

________ is a self-focused impression management technique. A) Enhancement B) Flattery C) Conformity D) Excuses E) Apologies

A) Enhancement

Which of the following is most likely to be a characteristic of an organization pursuing a cost-minimization strategy? A) High centralization B) Low formalization C) Wide span of control D) Lack of tight control E) Low work specialization

A) High centralization

Which power tactic uses flattery and creates goodwill before making a request? A) Ingratiation B) Motivational appeal C) Consultation D) Inspirational appeal E) Affective appeal

A) Ingratiation

Which of the following is a psychological boundary management tactic? A) Making compromises B) Making workspaces C) Negotiating resources D) Establishing time boundaries E) Setting expectations

A) Making compromises

________ refers to reception, attention, and awareness of the present moment, events, and experiences. A) Mindfulness B) Laissez-faire C) Eustress D) Resilience E) Allostasis

A) Mindfulness

Which of the following types of power can be categorized as personal power? A) Referent B) Legitimate C) Reward D) Coercive E) Positional

A) Referent

The key dimensions to any organization's environment are ________. A) complexity, volatility, and capacity B) conformity, criticality, and diffusivity C) criticality, volatility, diffusivity D) complexity, diffusivity, and criticality E) conformity, criticality, and capacity

A) complexity, volatility, and capacity

The process that begins when one party perceives another party has or is about to negatively affect something the first party cares about is known as ________. A) conflict B) negotiation C) problem-solving D) collective bargaining E) assessment

A) conflict

Rational persuasion is a power tactic that involves the use of ________. A) logical arguments and factual evidence B) emotions to target the values, needs, and hopes of the other party C) benefits or favors in exchange for following a request D) formal authority E) warnings, repeated demands, and threats

A) logical arguments and factual evidence

During the socialization process, to work out any problems discovered during the encounter stage, the new member changes or goes through the ________ stage. A) metamorphosis B) post-encounter C) analysis D) post-arrival E) evaluation

A) metamorphosis

The inverted-U model showing the relationship between stress and job performance suggests that when stress is ________, performance will be ________. A) moderate; highest B) lowest; moderate C) highest; highest D) highest; moderate E) lowest; highest

A) moderate; highest

The first step in the negotiation process is ________. A) preparation and planning B) definition of ground rules C) closure and implementation D) clarification and justification E) bargaining and problem-solving

A) preparation and planning

The act of working while ill or injured is called ________. A) presenteeism B) skiving C) malingering D) absenteeism E) truancy

A) presenteeism

An individual experiencing the psychological, physiological, and behavioral consequences of stress is experiencing ________. A) strain B) anxiety C) tension D) trauma E) stress

A) strain

The generally unpleasant perception and appraisal of stressors is ________. A) stress B) strain C) pressure D) tension E) anxiety

A) stress

Gordon is a new divisional manager at AskSocrates.com. In reorganizing his division, he must make some decisions regarding the span of control for management within his division. The span of control determines ________. A) the number of levels and managers in an organization B) how jobs will be grouped C) the employee grievance policy of the organization D) how employees will be compensated E) where decisions are made

A) the number of levels and managers in an organization

Which of the following categories in the Organizational Culture Inventory groups cultures that are competitive, perfectionist, and power-oriented? A) Accountability B) Aggressive-defensive C) Team orientation D) Outcome orientation E) Stability

B) Aggressive-defensive

________ refers to the unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom. A) Span of control B) Chain of command C) Path of power D) Line of responsibility E) Web of authority

B) Chain of command

________ is a generally unpleasant perception and appraisal of stressors. A) Stimulation B) Change C) Stress D) Creativity E) Innovation

B) Change

Which of the following is the first step in Kotter's eight-step plan for implementing change? A) Plan for, create, and reward short-term "wins" that move the organization toward the new vision. B) Establish a sense of urgency by creating a compelling reason for why change is needed. C) Communicate the vision throughout the organization. D) Create a new vision to direct the change and strategies for achieving the vision. E) Form a coalition with enough power to lead the change.

B) Establish a sense of urgency by creating a compelling reason for why change is needed.

Which of the following is a condition or event that an individual perceives as challenging or threatening? A) Tension B) Stressors C) Trauma D) Anxiety E) Strain

B) Stressors

Which principle helps preserve the concept of an unbroken line of authority in chain of command? A) Centralization B) Unity of command C) Cross-functionality D) Span of control E) Departmentalization

B) Unity of command

In an organization, top managers make all the decisions and lower-level managers merely carry out their directives. This organization is most likely to be characterized by ________. A) a narrower span of control B) a high degree of centralization C) a low degree of work specialization D) a high degree of departmentalization E) a low degree of formalization

B) a high degree of centralization

The two parties eventually agree to ask Sam Spade, an attorney and trusted friend, to help them informally to solve their problem. Sam's role is that of a(n) ________. A) arbitrator B) conciliator C) consultant D) mediator E) plaintiff

B) conciliator

The ________ impression management techniques uses ingratiation. A) apologies B) conformity C) enhancement D) exemplification E) flattery

B) conformity

The two general approaches to negotiation are ________ bargaining and ________ bargaining. A) emotional; rational B) distributive; integrative C) affective; reflective D) legal; restrictive E) formal; informal

B) distributive; integrative

A personal factor causing stress is ________. A) technological change B) economic problems C) economic uncertainty D) political uncertainty E) role demands

B) economic problems

The degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized is referred to as ________. A) decentralization B) formalization C) empowerment D) work specialization E) departmentalization

B) formalization

Organizations following a(n) ________ strategy try to both minimize risk and maximize opportunity for profit, moving into new products or new markets only after innovators have proven their viability. A) cost-cutting B) imitation C) organic D) innovation E) mechanistic

B) imitation

Assertiveness indicates the degree to which ________. A) one party attempts to satisfy the other party's concerns B) one party attempts to satisfy his or her own concerns C) the parties attempt to find a win-win solution D) one party attempts to suppress the conflict E) the parties are willing to involve a third party in conflict resolution

B) one party attempts to satisfy his or her own concerns

Employees are motivated to resolve effort-reward imbalances by ________. A) taking stock of the situation B) putting in less effort C) forming coalitions D) establishing a sense of urgency for change E) focusing on mental health

B) putting in less effort

The conflict-handling intention of accommodating is ________. A) reflective and assertive B) unassertive and cooperative C) unassertive and uncooperative D) assertive and uncooperative E) assertive and cooperative

B) unassertive and cooperative

According to the principle of unity of command, ________. A) managers should limit their oversight to a maximum of 12 employees B) managers should oversee 1 - 4 employees on average C) an individual should be directly responsible to only one supervisor D) employees should report directly to two supervisors to maintain task balance E) an organization should be departmentalized on the basis of functions

C) an individual should be directly responsible to only one supervisor

A(n) ________ culture is best aligned with customer-oriented outcomes. A) innovation B) team C) clan D) low outcome orientation E) adhocracy

C) clan

A person is using the conflict handling technique of ________ when the one person seeks to satisfy his or her own interests regardless of the impact on the other parties to the conflict. A) compromising B) accommodating C) competing D) avoiding E) collaborating

C) competing

Conflict that hinders group performance is destructive or ________ conflict. A) dyadic B) process C) dysfunctional D) task E) traditional

C) dysfunctional

Political uncertainties and economic uncertainties are examples of the ________ stressors of potential stress. A) social B) personal C) environmental D) organizational E) structural

C) environmental

The ultimate source of an organization's culture is ________. A) its top management B) the sociocultural backgrounds of its employees C) its founders D) its environment E) the country in which the organization operates

C) its founders

The ________ process helps candidates learn about the organization, and if employees perceive a conflict between their values and those of the organization, they can remove themselves from the applicant pool. A) performance evaluation B) training C) selection D) orientation E) institutionalization

C) selection

The number of subordinates that a manager directs is referred to as ________. A) chain of command B) line of responsibility C) span of control D) leadership web E) unity of command

C) span of control

Bureaucracies are characterized by ________. A) specialization B) increased flexibility C) standardization D) decentralization E) efficiency

C) standardization

The two bases of personal power are ________ and the respect and admiration of others. A) reward B) legitimate C) coercive D) expertise E) emergent

D) expertise

Which of the following statements is true regarding a bureaucracy? A) Bureaucracy is an ideal organizational design for those organizations that operate under highly uncertain conditions. B) Typically, bureaucracies have wider spans of control. C) Bureaucracies encourage employee empowerment. D) Bureaucracies can get by with less talented middle- and lower-level managers. E) Bureaucracies are characterized by a low degree of formalization.

D) Bureaucracies can get by with less talented middle- and lower-level managers.

Which type of strategy emphasizes the introduction of major new products and services? A) Imitation B) Mechanistic C) Cost minimization D) Innovation E) Organic

D) Innovation

________ refers to the process that occurs when two or more parties communicate and confer with one another to come to a mutual agreement on the exchange of goods or services. A) Integration B) Unionization C) Association D) Negotiation E) Differentiation

D) Negotiation

Making an initial offer during negotiations leads to ________ bias. A) belief B) framing C) attributional D) anchoring E) self-serving

D) anchoring

The home buyer wants to bring in a third party who will have the authority to dictate an agreement. This person will be a(n) ________. A) consultant B) mediator C) plaintiff D) arbitrator E) conciliator

D) arbitrator

The degree to which the environment can support growth refers to ________. A) flexibility B) sustainability C) volatility D) capacity E) complexity

D) capacity

An example of change in the nature of the workforce is an increase in ________. A) college attendance B) divorce rates C) capital investment D) cultural diversity E) mergers and consolidations

D) cultural diversity

One theory of the relationship between stress and job performance is that the relationship is ________ whereby low to moderate amounts of stress stimulate the body and lead to higher performance, but too much stress results in lower performance. A) parallel B) T-shaped C) circular D) in the shape of an inverted-U E) L-shaped

D) in the shape of an inverted-U

Rudolf is dealing with impending layoffs at work. Yesterday, at a pharmacy, he measured his blood pressure, and it was high. He also notices that when he thinks about the future, his heart rate accelerates. Rudolf is demonstrating ________ symptoms of stress. A) psychological B) personal C) reactive D) physiological E) behavioral

D) physiological

The process that helps new employees adapt to the prevailing organizational culture is known as ________. A) reciprocal interdependence B) formalization C) satisficing D) socialization E) social loafing

D) socialization

Dependence would be low when ________. A) the goods have low accessibility B) the products are important C) the goods in question are scarce D) the goods have substitutes E) the goods have very few suppliers

D) the goods have substitutes

People who feel compelled to work due to internal pressures, thinking about work even when not working, and going above and beyond what is reasonably expected are experiencing ________. A) hindrance stressors B) challenge stressors C) counterproductive workplace behavior D) workaholism E) burnout

D) workaholism

________ involves increasing the target's support by involving him or her in decision-making. A) Rational persuasion B) Pressure C) Ingratiation D) Legitimacy E) Consultation

E) Consultation

________ is a change process based on systematic collection of data and selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate. A) Process consultation B) Organizational restructuring C) Organizational development D) Planned change E) Action research

E) Action research

________ is a differentiating factor between power and leadership. A) Control B) Negative affect C) Ability D) Influence E) Goal compatibility

E) Goal compatibility

Doug's company is falling behind the competition when it comes to being flexible and being in a position to make decisions quickly. If Doug wants to cut costs significantly, increase flexibility, and speed up decision making, Doug should focus on which structural decision? A) Departmentalizing the company on the basis of products B) Decreasing the unity of command C) Increasing the degree of formalization D) Decentralizing management decisions E) Increasing the span of control

E) Increasing the span of control

Which of the following is not a necessary condition for integrative bargaining to succeed in organizations? A) Opposing parties maintain flexibility. B) Opposing parties are candid about concerns. C) Opposing parties are sensitive to the other's needs and trust. D) Opposing parties are open with information. E) Opposing parties have a zero-sum outlook.

E) Opposing parties have a zero-sum outlook.

Which of the following best describes how employees view the difference between organizational culture and job satisfaction? A) Job satisfaction depends on the structure of the organization, but organizational culture does not. B) Job satisfaction is immeasurable, whereas organizational culture is measurable. C) Job satisfaction depends upon the level of "power distance" in the country, but organizational culture does not. D) Organizational culture is static, whereas job satisfaction is dynamic. E) Organizational culture is descriptive, whereas job satisfaction is evaluative.

E) Organizational culture is descriptive, whereas job satisfaction is evaluative.

________ refers to resistance to the adverse effects of stress and strain. A) Allostasis B) Time management C) Eustress D) Self-efficacy E) Resilience

E) Resilience

The conflict-handling intention of collaborating is ________. A) unassertive and cooperative B) unassertive and uncooperative C) assertive and uncooperative D) affective and reflective E) assertive and cooperative

E) assertive and cooperative

The ________ conflict-handling intention is unassertive and uncooperative. A) competing B) accommodating C) collaborating D) compromising E) avoiding

E) avoiding

The degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization is ________. A) formalization B) line of command C) departmentalization D) work specialization E) centralization

E) centralization

Mike has been feeling overloaded at work. Each time he thinks he is finally catching up, his boss hands him another urgent task. Mike is experiencing ________. A) employment strain B) hindrance stressors C) workload anxiety D) psychological tension E) challenge stressors

E) challenge stressors

A behavioral symptom of stress is ________. A) lower job satisfaction B) illness C) lower emotional well-being D) chronic health conditions E) higher turnover

E) higher turnover

Megatron wants to bring in a neutral third party who will facilitate a negotiated solution by using reasoning, persuasion, suggesting alternatives, and the like. This person is known as a(n) ________. A) arbitrator B) bailor C) consultant D) plaintiff E) mediator

E) mediator

The conflict-handling intention cooperatives indicates the degree to which ________. A) one party attempts to suppress the conflict B) one party attempts to satisfy his or her own concerns C) the parties are willing to involve a third party in conflict resolution D) the parties attempt to find a win-win solution E) one party attempts to satisfy the other party's concerns

E) one party attempts to satisfy the other party's concerns

Stage II of the conflict process deals with the conflict being ________. A) expressed and resolved B) internalized C) apparent and experienced D) analyzed E) perceived and felt

E) perceived and felt

As a regional sales officer, one of Brandon's job responsibilities is to process the yearly appraisal forms of his subordinates and provide them with increments, bonuses, or benefits based on their performance that year. This job responsibility directly reflects his ________. A) expert power B) referent power C) coercive power D) active power E) reward power

E) reward power

Apprenticeship is an example of ________ socialization. A) informal B) divestiture C) investiture D) variable E) serial

E) serial

During the behavior stage of the conflict process, the parties decide what the conflict is about. True False

False

Negotiation is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about. True False

False

In cross-cultural negotiations, it is especially important that the negotiations be high in openness. True False

True

The chain of command is an unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom. True False

True

The simple structure is characterized by a low degree of departmentalization and wide span of control. True False

True

Apprenticeship and mentoring programs are examples of random socialization. True False

false

Formal socialization involves putting the new employee directly into the job, with little or no special attention. True False

false

Flextime is a(n) ________ to help employees reduce work-life conflict. A) information-based strategy B) time-based strategy C) money-based strategy D) direct service E) culture-change strategy

time-based strategy

A disadvantage of the matrix structure is that it fosters power struggles. True False

true

A dominant culture expresses the core values a majority of members share and that give the organization its distinct personality. True False

true

A hierarchical culture is best for profitability and revenue growth. True False

true

As compared to a centralized organization, a decentralized organization can act more quickly to solve problems. True False

true

Individuals who take an innovation and actively and enthusiastically promote the idea, build support, and overcome resistance, and ensure that the idea is implemented are known as idea champions. True False

true

Serial socialization is characterized by the use of role models who train and encourage a newcomer. True False

true

The market is a culture based on achievement. True False

true

The quality and quantity of sleep an individual gets can adversely affect the amount of strain they experience. True False

true

To create a truly sustainable business, an organization must develop a long-term culture and put its values into practice. True False

true

Top managers' actions set the general climate in an organization, including what is acceptable behavior and what is not, and employees sustain and perpetuate the culture. True False

true

Work-life spillover occurs when psychological responses to one domain (e.g., positive or negative moods) are carried over into another domain and impact it in some way. True False

true