Thinking and Intelligence

Phoneme

(ah vs eh sound) - a basic sound unit of a given language, and different languages have different sets of phonemes.

How can socioeconomic status affect one's development of measured intelligence

Children who live in poverty experience more pervasive, daily stress than children who do not worry about the basic needs of safety, shelter, and food. These worries can negatively affect how the brain functions and develops, causing a dip in IQ scores

Prototype vs concept

Concept of chair is the same- prototypes vary (specific chair)-

Noam Chomsky

Criticized this behaviorist approach, asserting instead that the mechanisms underlying language acquisition are biologically determined. The use of language develops in the absence of formal instruction and appears to follow a very similar pattern in children from vastly different cultures and backgrounds. It would seem, therefore, that we are born with a biological predisposition to acquire a language

Convergent vs. divergent thinking

Divergent- Thinking "outside the box",use what you know to create something knew, multiple solutions to a given problem. Convergent- The ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem.

What does language encompass? How is it difference from communication?

Is a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another. While language is a form of communication, not all communication is language.

Linguistic determinism

Language may indeed influence the way that we think. English speakers talk about time "I'm running behind schedule" or "Don't get ahead of yourself." While Mandarin Chinese speakers say "up" and the future as being "down."

Binet- why did he write his intelligence test?

Looked to see who would have difficulty in school

When does someone have a genius IQ

Mensa- 130 or higher - 2% of the population

Anchoring Bias

Occurs when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem. You're so focused on the amount of money you are willing to spend that you may not recognize what kinds of houses are available at that price point.

What does it mean when a researcher says there is a critical period for language acquisition

Proficiency at acquiring language is maximal early in life; generally, as people age, the ease with which they acquire and master new languages diminishes

Morpheme

Smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning (I is both a phoneme and a morpheme)

Artificial concept vs. natural concept

Snow- natural concept- we understand it through direct or indirect observation and experience Shapes- artificial concepts- we know them by a specific set of characteristic that they always exhibit

Algorithm

Step by step problem solving formula- instruction manual for installing new software on your computer. We use this in everyday life especially with computer- google

Mental set

Where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now.

David Weschler

a. A psychologist who spent time working with WWI vets. b. IQ test- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence c. subtests- Verbal and Nonverbal d. Incredibly Popular intelligence tests i. Weschler Adult intelligence scale(WAIS-IV) ii. Weschler intelligence scale for children(WISC-V) Weschler preschool and primary scale of intelligence-revised(WPPSI-III)

Creativity- what characteristics do very creative people tend to have?

a. Ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities. Very creative people often have intense knowledge about something, work on it for years, look at novel solutions, seek out the adice and help of other experts and take risks.

Moderate disability

i. 10%(intellectually disabled population) ii. Basic reading and writing skills; functional self-care skills; requires some oversight

Severe disability

i. 5%(intellectually disabled population) ii. Functional self-care skills; requires oversight of daily environment and activities

Mild disability

i. 85%(intellectually disabled population) ii. 3rd-6th grade skill level in reading, writing, and math; may be employed and live independently

Profound disability

<1%(intellectually disabled population) May be able to communicate verbally or nonverbally; requires intensive oversight

Complex, abstract concept vs. concrete concept

Abstract, complex-Justice, tolerance, stress, love, hate, abstract Concrete- Water bottles, notebooks

Scheme- example

A mental construct, a cluster of related concepts

Does the way a person is raised effect one's intelligence

A persons environment completely changes ones intelligence- range of reaction. If you are raised in a stimulating environment

Event scheme- example

A set of behaviors you do in a specific situation-How to act in certain situations-When going into a restaurant you don't order in the kitchen, you sit and order with the waitress-Sit quietly in a class

Functional fixedness

A type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for.

Sir Francis Galton's contribution to psychology

First broad intelligence test

Heuristic

General Problem-solving framework- working backwards, breaking a task into steps. "Rule of thumb" Not best for making rational decisions, time- saving characteristics. When one of these 5 are met :When one is faced with too much information, When the time to make a decision is limited , When the decision to be made is unimportant ,When there is access to very little information to use in making the decision, When an appropriate heuristic happens to come to mind in the same moment

Minnesota study of twins- nature or nurture determine our intelligence

Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit a higher correlation between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together. The findings reveal a genetic component to intelligence.

Trial and Error

If at first you don't succeed, try, try again. Not most time-efficient but most commonly used.

Semantics

The process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

Grammar

The set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon

Syntax

The way words are organized into sentences

Lexicon

The words of a given language. A language's vocabulary

Standardized vs. Normed

a. Standardized- the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent b. Normed- giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups. The resulting data provide norms, or referential scores, by which to interpret future scores. Norms are not expectations of what a given should should know but a demonstration of what the group does know. c. These two aspects of a test ensures that new scores are reliable.

Charles Spearman

a. believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, which could be measured and compared among individuals. Spearman focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and deemphasized what made each unique.

Louis Terman- what changes did he make to Binet's test

a. standarzied the administration of the test and tested thousands of different-aged children to establish an average score for each age. As a result the test was normed and standardized, which means that the test was administered consistently to a large enough representative sample of the population that the range of scores resulted in a bell curve.

Howard Gardner

o At LEAST 8 types of intelligence o Linguistic-Excellent understanding of language-Learns new languages easily. o Logical-mathematical- Excellent at math, analytical problem solving o Musical-Understanding pitch, timbre, tone. -Can be gifted composures, musician, singer o Bodily Kinesthetic- Gifted in body movement and physical tasks o Spatial-Excellent understanding where items are in space and movement of those options in space. Size, space and how they fit together o Naturalistic-Understanding of nature-Gifted interactions with animals o Emotional-Understand emotions, show empathy, understand relationships/social cues, control own emotions. Can be seen as two types: • Intrapersonal o Understand, and utilize, own emotions. • Interpersonal o Understand, and respond to, other's emotions.

Representative Bias

o Describes a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something ♣ You may assume your professor spends their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversations, because the idea of them spending their time playing volley ball or visiting amusement park does not fit in with your stereotype of professors.

Confirmation bias

o Focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs. ♣ If you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis

Availability heuristic

o Heuristic in which you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision.

Hindsight bias

o Leads you to believe that the event you just experience was predictable, even though it really wasn't. ♣ You knew all along that things would turn out the way they did

Robert Sternberg

o Triarchic Theory of Intelligence ♣ Practical Intelligence • Street smart • Taking experience and applying it to everyday life ♣ Analytic Intelligence • Analyze, evaluate, compare, and contrast well. ♣ Creative Intelligence • Creating new or unusual items and solutions to problems

Raymond Cattell

o Two factors ♣ Crystallized Intelligence • Knowledge information; Learned, remembered, recalled ♣ Fluid Intelligence • Creativity and Problem-solving ability

Concept

• Concepts are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas or memories such as life experiences.