This is Philosophy Chapters 1 & 2
According to consequentialism,
The ends justify the means
Mill argued that in addition to maximizing the quantity of pleasures, utilitarians should also be concerned with
The quality of pleasure
What are the two options of the Euthyphro dilemma?
A) morality is random and irrational B) god doesn't choose what is good
An objection to virtue ethics is
Clashing virtues like whether to be kind or to be honest about a haircut
According to Kant, the principle of action "promise to achieve your own advantage even when you know you cannot keep the promise" violates the Categorical Imperative because
If nobody kept their promises, nobody would trust anyone
One formulation of Kant's Categorical Imperative is
Only act in a way which that could be a universal law
One objection to ethical egoism is
People could kill if it was in their self interest
The case of Private Ross McGinnis demonstrates
People don't act in their self interest (he sacrificed his life for his men)
Utilitarianism is an agent-neutral moral theory, which means
You'd have to treat everyone equally even your loved ones ❤️
According to Simpson's Paradox,
You'd technically have to make a lot of people a little unhappy for a few to be super happy
Another objection to ethical egoism is
Morality would be purely subjective
Classical utilitarianism is
Consequences are everything/minimize net pain
According to virtue ethics,
A good person is virtuous with character
In the Felicific Calculus, the fecundity of a pleasure or pain is
A pleasure like reading which means you can read many books like a hobby
Explain criticisms of the divine command theory other than the Euthyphro dilemma.
All your opinions like loving pizza would be arbitrary. Reasons wouldn't matter
In Euthyphro, Plato asked
Are things good because god loves them or does god love them because they are good
Descriptive relativism is
Beliefs about morality vary across place and time
Define and distinguish descriptive and moral relativism.
Descriptive relativism is a reason to believe moral relativism. Descriptive just says beliefs vary while moral says we can't judge other cultures morality
Psychological egoism is
Everyone always acts in their own self interest
According to ethical egoism,
Everyone should act in their own self interest
Divine command theory
God decides what is moral
An example of a hypothetical imperative is
Hypothetically if I stole someone's car, they'd be mad. But it doesn't mean 100% that they are mad
According to Kant, the principle of action "act selfishly" violates the Categorical Imperative because
If everyone acted selfishly we'd go extinct
An objection to utilitarianism is
Invasiveness ; doesn't matter when you throw out the trash or eat.
A problem with the Golden Rule is
It assumes everyone has the same preferences
Moral relativism is
Morals could be wrong in one place but permissible in another (mutilation)
According to Kant
Moral law is a categorical imperative
Plato argued
Morality and religion are logically independent
One objection to utilitarianism is
Not practical because you could argue anything to potentially have bad consequences
Define and distinguish psychological and ethical egoism.
Psychological egoism is that people naturally act in their self interest and ethical egoism states people should act in their self interests
The normative universe is populated by
Shoulds,oughts, duties, rights, permissible and non permissibel
Kant's other formulation of the Categorical Imperative is
Treat others as ends and never as a means to your own ends
The Principle of Equal Treatment implies
Two people should be treated the same unless there is a relevant difference between them
Another objection to utilitarianism is
Ultimately even murder in some circumstances would be permissible
Aristotle thought
Virtues were the golden mean so not too stingy and not wasteful but generous
Bentham thought
We could measure future pains and pleasures of our actions
According to 'the criticism objection,'if moral relativism is right, then
You can never criticize another cultures morality
One objection to Kantian ethics is
You can't lie even if it's to save people because the intent is bad
The main problem with the view that morality is just acting on your principles is
Your principles could be wrong