This is Philosophy Chapters 1 & 2

According to consequentialism,

The ends justify the means

Mill argued that in addition to maximizing the quantity of pleasures, utilitarians should also be concerned with

The quality of pleasure

What are the two options of the Euthyphro dilemma?

A) morality is random and irrational B) god doesn't choose what is good

An objection to virtue ethics is

Clashing virtues like whether to be kind or to be honest about a haircut

According to Kant, the principle of action "promise to achieve your own advantage even when you know you cannot keep the promise" violates the Categorical Imperative because

If nobody kept their promises, nobody would trust anyone

One formulation of Kant's Categorical Imperative is

Only act in a way which that could be a universal law

One objection to ethical egoism is

People could kill if it was in their self interest

The case of Private Ross McGinnis demonstrates

People don't act in their self interest (he sacrificed his life for his men)

Utilitarianism is an agent-neutral moral theory, which means

You'd have to treat everyone equally even your loved ones ❤️

According to Simpson's Paradox,

You'd technically have to make a lot of people a little unhappy for a few to be super happy

Another objection to ethical egoism is

Morality would be purely subjective

Classical utilitarianism is

Consequences are everything/minimize net pain

According to virtue ethics,

A good person is virtuous with character

In the Felicific Calculus, the fecundity of a pleasure or pain is

A pleasure like reading which means you can read many books like a hobby

Explain criticisms of the divine command theory other than the Euthyphro dilemma.

All your opinions like loving pizza would be arbitrary. Reasons wouldn't matter

In Euthyphro, Plato asked

Are things good because god loves them or does god love them because they are good

Descriptive relativism is

Beliefs about morality vary across place and time

Define and distinguish descriptive and moral relativism.

Descriptive relativism is a reason to believe moral relativism. Descriptive just says beliefs vary while moral says we can't judge other cultures morality

Psychological egoism is

Everyone always acts in their own self interest

According to ethical egoism,

Everyone should act in their own self interest

Divine command theory

God decides what is moral

An example of a hypothetical imperative is

Hypothetically if I stole someone's car, they'd be mad. But it doesn't mean 100% that they are mad

According to Kant, the principle of action "act selfishly" violates the Categorical Imperative because

If everyone acted selfishly we'd go extinct

An objection to utilitarianism is

Invasiveness ; doesn't matter when you throw out the trash or eat.

A problem with the Golden Rule is

It assumes everyone has the same preferences

Moral relativism is

Morals could be wrong in one place but permissible in another (mutilation)

According to Kant

Moral law is a categorical imperative

Plato argued

Morality and religion are logically independent

One objection to utilitarianism is

Not practical because you could argue anything to potentially have bad consequences

Define and distinguish psychological and ethical egoism.

Psychological egoism is that people naturally act in their self interest and ethical egoism states people should act in their self interests

The normative universe is populated by

Shoulds,oughts, duties, rights, permissible and non permissibel

Kant's other formulation of the Categorical Imperative is

Treat others as ends and never as a means to your own ends

The Principle of Equal Treatment implies

Two people should be treated the same unless there is a relevant difference between them

Another objection to utilitarianism is

Ultimately even murder in some circumstances would be permissible

Aristotle thought

Virtues were the golden mean so not too stingy and not wasteful but generous

Bentham thought

We could measure future pains and pleasures of our actions

According to 'the criticism objection,'if moral relativism is right, then

You can never criticize another cultures morality

One objection to Kantian ethics is

You can't lie even if it's to save people because the intent is bad

The main problem with the view that morality is just acting on your principles is

Your principles could be wrong