Thornbury Chapter 1: What speakers do

Lakukan tugas rumah & ujian kamu dengan baik sekarang menggunakan Quizwiz!

What are the characteristics of speech production?

- it's a linear process - usually produced utterance-by-utterance (=each utterance is dependent on a preceding one) - planning time is limited

What production strategies do speakers use?

- pause fillers (uhm , er, erm) - vagueness expressions (I mean, sort of, ...) - repeats (repetition of a single word at a point where formulation has been temporarily paused)

What is fluency?

- pausing - appropriate placement of pauses - length of a run (number of syllables between pauses) - speed Pauses may be long, but not frequent! The are usually filled and occur at meaningful transition points.

How can automaticity be achieved?

- use of pre-fabricated chunks - familiarity of story to the speaker - the more you practise, the better you will get at forming small chunks into larger units

What two parts does an utterance consist of?

1 Topic (what you are talking about) 2 Comment (what we want to say about the topic)

How are sounds produced?

A stream of air (produced in the lungs) is driven through the vocal cords. Then it is shaped by the position of the tongue, teeth and lips. Vowel sounds: mainly produced by action of tongue/lips Consonant sounds: determined by the point at which the air stream is obstructed

How are interactional moves signalled in business meetings and in casual talk between friends?

Business meetings/classrooms: - interactional moves are formally signed (raising hand) Casual talk: - discourse markers are used to signal a speaker's conversational intention (that reminds me, by the way, well anyway)

How are words "glued" together?

By the insertion of grammatical markers: - articles - auxiliary verbs - word endings

What is an add-on strategy?

Chaining together of short phrases and clause-like chunks, which accumulate to form an extended turn. (These are not complete sentences and are used to compensate for limited planning time.)

What rules and skills of turn-taking are there?

Rules: - speakers should take turns holding the floor - speakers should avoid long silences - speakers should listen to what their conversation partners are saying Skills: - people should recognise the right moment to get a turn - people should recognise when another speaker wants to take a turn - people should signalise when they want to speak - people should signalise that they are listening - people should hold the floor when speaking - people should yield the turn

What are phonemes?

Sounds that determine the meaning of words. They are the smallest unit of language. (Could be the change of i to u in sing-sung)

What is a turn?

The duration of speaker A until he/she gets interrupted by speaker B or passes on the turn.

What are production strategies?

Tricks to give at least the illusion of fluency and to compensate for the attentional demands.


Set pelajaran terkait

The Peripheral Nervous System Quiz

View Set

Beowulf (Lines 144-300 - Heaney Translation) - Reading Comprehension (Quiz)

View Set

Alta Pest Control Common Concerns

View Set

Chapter 10: Savings, Investment Spending, and the Financial System

View Set