Tissues

stratified columnar epithelium

Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape. (Fairly rare in body, found mainly in ducts of large glands)

dense connective tissue

collagen fibers are the main matrix element

lamina propria

a soft layer of areolar tissue that underlies all mucous membranes

Hallmarks of Epithelium

-Except for glandular, epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets. Neighboring cells are bound together at many points by specialized cell junctions. -The membranes always have one free (unattached) surface or edge. This apical surface is exposed to the body's exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ. The exposed surfaces of some epithelial are slick and smooth, but others exhibit cell surface modifications, such as microvilli or cilia. -the anchored (basal) surface of epithelium rests on a basement membrane, a structure-less material secreted by both the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells deep to the epithelium. The basement membrane is the "glue" holding the epithelium in place. -epithelial tissues have no blood supply of their own (that is, they are avascular) and depend on diffusion from the capillaries in the underlying connective tissue for food and oxygen. -if well nourished, epithelial cells regenerate themselves easily

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

blood

A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones; cells in skeletal muscle are long, cylindrical and multinucleate and have obvious striations

simple columnar epithelium

A single layer of tall, thin cells that fit closely together. Goblet cells, which produce a lubricating mucus. Often seen lining in epithelium lining entire digestive tract from the stomach to the anus. Epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior are mucosae or mucus membranes.

intercalated discs

Attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells

glandular epithelium

Composed of one or more cells that produce and secrete a particular product. This product, a secretion, typically contains protein molecules in an aqueous (water based) fluid. The term secretion also indicates an active process in which the glandular cells obtain needed materials from the blood and then discharge by exocytosis. Two major types of glands develop from epithelial sheets: endocrine and exocrine.

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

Neuroglia

cells that support and protect neurons

Areolar

Designed for cushioning and protecting organs, universal packing tissue

Adipose

Fat, forms subcutaneous tissue

reticular fibers

Form internal skeleton of soft organs

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body; contracts much more slowly

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

endocrine glands

Lose their ducts; thus they are often called ductless glands. Their secretions (all hormones) diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands. (ie. Thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary)

contracture

Permanent tightening of the skin, affecting the underlying tendons or muscles

Fibrosis

Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)

Columnar

Shaped like columns

charged polysaccharides

Trap water and causes the matrix to vary from fluid to gel-like to firm consistency

Hallmarks of connective tissue

Variations in blood supply, extracellular matrix

extracellular matrix

a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.

adhesion proteins

attach cells to neighboring cells or provide anchors for the internal filaments and tubules that give stability to the cell

Tendons

attach muscle to bone

Stratified epithelia

consists of two or more layers of cells. Being considerably more durable than the simple epithelia, these function primarily in protection.

Cuboidal

cube-shaped like dice

mucosae/mucous membranes

epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior

Squamous

flattened and scale-like

glandular epithelium

forms various glands in the body

transitional epithelium

highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs- the urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra. Subject to considerable stretching. Cells of the basal layer are cuboidal or columnar; those at free surface vary in appearance. When the organ is not stretched the membrane is many layered, and the superficial cells is rounded and domelike. When the organ is distended with urine, the epithelium thins like a rubber band being stretched, and the surface cells flatten and become squamous-like. This ability of transitional cells to slide past one another and change their shape allows the ureter wall to stretch as a greater volume of urine flows through the tubelike organ. In the bladder, it allows more urine to be stored.

Stratified

more than one layer

stratified squamous epithelium

most common stratified epithelium in the body, usually consists of several layers of cells. The cells at the free edge are squamous cells, whereas those close to the basement membrane are cuboidal or columnar. (found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse/friction, such as the surface of the skin, the mouth and the esophagus.)

simple epithelia

most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration. Usually very thin and so protection is not one of its specialties.

ground substance

mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules

granulation tissue

new tissue that is pink/red in color and composed of fibroblasts and small blood vessels that fill an open wound when it starts to heal

inflammatory response

nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

Simple

one layer

simple cuboidal epithelium

one layer of cube-shaped epithelial cells; covers and lines glands, ducts, and tubules, and covers the surface of the ovaries

functions of epithelial tissue

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

collagen fibers (white)

provide strength

Regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

exocrine glands

retain their ducts, and their secretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface (ie. Sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas, are both internal and external)

Reticular

short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers; forms stroma(internal framework) of organ; cellular bleachers

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of thin squamous cells resting on a basement membrane. They fit closely together. Usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs. (ie. In the air sacs of the lungs (alveoli), where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged and it forms the walls of capillaries where nutrients and gasses pass between the blood in the capillaries and the interstitial fluid. Forms serous membranes/serosae.

Serous membranes (serosae)

slick membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in that cavity

elastic (yellow) fibers

stretch and recoil

loose connective tissue

surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

immune response

the body's specific recognition, response, and memory to a pathogen attack

scar tissue

the connective tissue forming a scar and composed chiefly of fibroblasts in recent scars and largely of dense collagenous fibers in old scars.

epithelial tissue

the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body Covers all free body surfaces, both inside and out, and contains versatile cells Nearly all substances that the body gives or receives must pass through the epithelium

Peristalsis

the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract. The mucus produced by the goblet cells in this epithelium acts as a "sticky trap" to catch dust and other debris, and the cilia propel the mucus up and away from the lungs.

stratified cuboidal epithelium

typically has just two cell layers with at least the surface cells being cuboidal in shape (Fairly rare in body, found mainly in ducts of large glands)