Topic 16.3: Successes and Setbacks

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

Nation of Islam

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

affirmative action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Black Power

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s led to A. an increase in African American voter participation. B. a decrease in the number of registered minority voters. C. an increase in the number of major political parties. D. a decrease in the number of political protests.

A. an increase in African American voter participation.

Why did the Nixon administration establish affirmative action? A. to promote equal opportunities for blacks and whites B. to ensure the election of blacks to political office C. to establish all-black educational institutions D. to force the integration of traditionally segregated areas

A. to promote equal opportunities for blacks and whites

In what ways did the Black Panthers represent a shift in tone and tactics for the Civil Rights movement? A. They promoted the ideal of racial equality. B. They represented a radicalization of urban youth and a new militancy. C. They supported the principle of nonviolent resistance. D. They represented a shift from economic issues to the goal of racial integration.

B. They represented a radicalization of urban youth and a new militancy.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was intended to A. increase economic assistance to states that discontinued the use of literacy tests. B. prevent states from restricting minority groups' access to the political process. C. increase minority groups' representation in all levels of government. D. prevent minority groups from seeking passage of an affirmative action law.

B. prevent states from restricting minority groups' access to the political process.

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s

How did the Twenty-Fourth Amendment affect the voting rights of African Americans? A. It prevented states from redrawing congressional districts in order to minimize African American votes. B. It prevented states from conducting literacy tests to determine voting eligibility. C. It prevented states from holding protests over African American registration. D. It prevented states from collecting a poll tax that discouraged poor African Americans from voting.

D. It prevented states from collecting a poll tax that discouraged poor African Americans from voting.

Freedom Summer

In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.

Twenty-fourth Amendment

The constitutional amendment passed in 1964 that declared poll taxes void in federal elections.

Lester Maddox

This racist restaurant owner closed his restaurant rather than integrate. He eventually became governor and hired more blacks to office than all prior governors combined.

Kerner Commission

created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States

Voting Rights Act

law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration