Topic 5.2 - Nationalism & Revolutions

Summarize the three reasons many wanted independence from Spain:

1 - Many creoles were wealthy owners of estates, mines, or businesses. They opposed Spain's mercantilism, which required colonists to buy manufactured goods only from Spain and sell products only to Spain 2 - Creoles wanted more political power. They resented that Spain tended to give important government jobs in the colonies to peninsulares 3 - Mestizos wanted political power and a share of the wealth of the colonies. Many had jobs in the towns or worked in the mines or on the estates of the peninsulares and creoles

American Revolution: CAUSES: 4

1 - The ideals that inspired the American Revolution had their roots in European Enlightenment philosophy 2 - The economic ideas of the physiocrats also played a part in the American Revolution, providing a defense of free market ideas in opposition to English mercantilism 3 - Additionally, the American colonists had become increasingly independent politically Colonial legislatures were making decisions usually made by Parliament Moreover, great distances separated the colonists from Parliament and the king in London

The two most permanent changes that took place in the early French Revolution were

1 - the abolition of feudalism 2 - the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, a statement declaring basic human rights

After the Haitian Revolution, Haiti became:

1 - the first country in Latin America to win its independence 2 - The first black-led country in the Western Hemisphere. 3 - The only country to become permanently independent as a result of a slave uprising

It seemed like _ _ was going to establish a constitutional monarchy, but the National Assembly grew unhappy and stormed the _ _

It seemed like _ moderates such as Marquis de Lafayette_ was going to establish a constitutional monarchy, but the National Assembly grew unhappy and stormed the _Bastille, in Paris, a former prison_

King Louis XVI refusal to accept the new government created by the National Assembly resulted in _ _

King Louis XVI refusal to accept the new government created by the National Assembly resulted in _ which led to dissatisfaction among radical groups such as the Jacobins and inspired the establishment of the First French Republic in 1792_

Compare: French and Indian Revolution

Similarities: · Both the Haitian and French revolutions grew out of the Enlightenment's insistence that men had natural rights as citizens, and those legal restraints were limiting the freedom of people by forcing them into various estates (social classes). Differences: · However, in the case of the Haitians, the restraints were more severe-the rebellion was led by slaves who had no rights at all

The turmoil ended when _ _ became the French emperor in 1804.

The turmoil ended when _ the brilliant general Napoleon Bonaparte_ became the French emperor in 1804.

How did new constitutions in Latin America keep social structures in place even though they had been banned?

· Although the constitutions of the newly independent countries in Latin America legally ended some social distinctions and abolished slavery, governments were often conservative. · The first constitution of Peru, for example, forbade voting by those who could not read or write in Spanish, which effectively denied most indigenous people the vote until the constitution was changed in 1860. · The creoles continued to form a powerful and conservative upper class, as they had before the wars of independence from the European nations

Who were the caudillos and how were they involved in the politics of Latin America?

· Armies loyal to their generals led to the rise of the caudillos-strong, local leaders with regional power bases. · These men intervened in national politics to make or break governments. · Sometimes the caudillos defended the interests of the regional elites and sometimes of the indigenous population and the peasants, but in general they disregarded representative forms of government and the rule of law

What are unalienable rights?

· For Jefferson, these rights were to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

What was Haiti?

· French sugar and coffee colony - On the western third of the island of St. Domingue, also known as Hispaniola

What land reforms were made?

· Haiti next enacted land reform: plantations were divided up, with the lands being distributed among formerly enslaved and free black people

What did L'Ouverture's army establish?

· His army of enslaved Africans and Maroons established an independent government and played the French, Spanish, and British against each other

Describe the constitution created by L'Ouverture

· In 1801, after taking control of the territory that would become the independent country of Haiti, L'Ouverture produced a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents. - He also declared himself governor for life

Jean - Jazques Dessalines wrote what?

· In 1804, L'Ouverture's successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, orchestrated a Haitian declaration of permanent independence.

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture and describe his impact:

· In Haiti, slaves revolted against their white masters, killing them and burning their houses. · This slave revolt was soon joined by escaped slaves called Maroons. · The examples of the recent American and French revolutions led former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture to join the revolts in 1791 and then to lead a general rebellion against slavery. · Besides being well-read in Enlightenment thought, L'Ouverture proved to be a capable general. · His army of enslaved Africans and Maroons established an independent government and played the French, Spanish, and British against each other · In 1801, after taking control of the territory that would become the independent country of Haiti, L'Ouverture produced a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents. · He also declared himself governor for life. · Haiti next enacted land reform: plantations were divided up, with the lands being distributed among formerly enslaved and free black people · L'Ouverture worked with the French but they betrayed and imprisoned him. · He died in France in 1803. · But he had cemented the abolition of slavery in Haiti, which he set on the road to independence from France

What did the Creole class want, and why did they refuse the help of the mestizos, indegenous people, and mulattos?

· In many parts of South America, the desire for independence from Spain grew among the creole class. · Fearing the masses, the creoles refused the support of mestizos, indigenous people, and mulattos (people of mixed African and European heritage). · The creoles had seen the result in Haiti of a slave uprising as well as the excesses of the French Revolution during the Reign of Terror

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and who influenced these ideas?

· In the document, Thomas Jefferson picked up the phrase "unalienable rights" from John Locke.

Who helped the colonists defeat Great Britain?

· In the war that followed, the colonists triumphed in 1783 with crucial help from Britain's long-time enemy, France

Summarize the causes of the New Zealand Wars

· New Zealand had been occupied by Polynesian people, the Maori, since at least the mid-1200s. · In the period between their arrival and the arrival of Europeans the Maori developed a rich culture. · The people were divided into individual tribes, or iwi, who sometimes engaged in warfare. · After colonization by the British, made official by annexation of New Zealand in 1840, English control over Maori affairs increased, as did pressure for their land. · These issues resulted in a series of wars between the Maori and British collectively known as the New Zealand Wars

Describe the role of Simon Bolivar in Latin America. (What was his background, what did he want, how did he describe himself?)

· Some creoles, such as Simon Bolivar, continued to push for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America. · He became instrumental in the independence of areas that became Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru · been village aristocrats in Spain. · The family had grown very wealthy in Venezuela, and Bolivar had access to this wealth for his revolutionary causes. · After considerable military success in Latin America fighting the Spanish, his forces achieved the formation of a large area that he called Gran Colombia. · He hoped it would become a federation similar to the United States, one based on Enlightenment ideals. · He described himself as a liberal who believed in a free market and the abolition of slavery. · Bolivar's goals and concerns for Latin America are outlined in his "Jamaica Letter" (1815): "Generous souls always interest themselves in the fate of a people who strive to recover the rights to which the Creator and Nature have entitled them, and one must be wedded to error and passion not to harbor this noble sentiment

What was the outcome?

· Though the Maori tribes fought together, developing a sense of Maori nationalism, by 1872, the British had won

Describe the status of women after the Latin American revolutions?

· Women gained little from the revolutions in Latin America. · They were still unable to vote or enter into contracts. · Most women received little education until late in the nineteenth century, and most remained submissive to men

➔ What are the Jacobins:

◆ A member of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political movement that was the most famous political club during the French Revolution

➔ What was the Reign of Terror?

◆ a period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen, sprang from the Jacobins.

Summarize what the Bastille represented

◆ symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy. In the French countryside, peasants rose up against nobles, even burning some manor houses. ◆ Some royal officials fled France. ◆ The king was forced to accept a new government with a National Assembly in charge

The French Revolution CAUSES

★ In France in the 1780s, revolutionary ideals took on their own spin, summarized in the slogan : ○ Liberte, egalite, et fraternite (_liberty_ , _equality_ , _fraternity_) ★ Economic Woes: ○ France was_ long spent more than it was taking in, partly to finance a series of wars_ ○ Aiding the US was expensive ★ Estates General ○ To address its financial situation, the French government called a meeting of the Estates-General in spring 1789 ○ Three sectors of society, or estates, made up the ★ Estates General ○ To address its financial situation, the French government called a meeting of the Estates-General in spring 1789 ○ Three sectors of society, or estates, made up the Estates-General: - ■ the clergy (religious officials) - ■ the nobility - ■ the commoners - - ● Why were the commoners upset and what did they break away to establish? - - - ○ However, inequality in voting caused the commoners (who made up 97 percent of French society) to break away and form a new body, the National Assembly

Creoles

❏ Born of European ancestry in the Americas ❏ the creoles were well educated and aware of the ideas behind the revolutions in North America and France

Peninsulares

❏ Colonists who were born in Spain or Portugal ❏ felt superior to everyone

African Slaves

❏ Indigenous populations, Mulattoes ❏ At the bottom of the social ladder

Mestizos

❏ who were born of European and Indian parents ❏ Considered below the Creoles and Peninsulares