topic 6 - dna, rna, and protein synthesis

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steps of dna replication:

1. helicase separates the dna strands 2. dna polymerases add each complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands 3. dna polymerases are released. two new molecules identical to the original dna molecule result

if an organism's genome is made up of 20% adenine, what percentage must the thymine equal?

20%

What is the mrna sequence for the following dna sequence? TAC TAT GGC ATG

AUG AUA CCG UAC

elements that make up protein are...

CHONS - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

elements that make up dna are...

CHOPN - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen

If one dna molecule runs CCCAAAGGGTTT then what would its complementary dna strand be?

GGGTTTCCCAAA

what is the amino acid sequence for the following mrna sequence? use the universal genetic code wheel to determine the amino acid identity and use the three letter abbreviation for the amino acid. AUG GAA AAG UCU UAA

MET-GLU-LYS-SER-STOP

dna is...

a double-stranded helix spiral held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases

chemical analysis of a protein shows there are only 575 amino acids in a protein that normally has 1,273 amino acids. what most likely happened?

a mutation that substituted an amino acid for a stop codon.

a nucleotide is made up of...

a sugar, a phosphate, and one of the four nitrogenous base

bacteriophage

a virus that infects only bacteria

dna polymerase's role in dna replication is to...

add new nucleotides to form a complementary strand of dna

erwin chargaff's base pairing rules state that the following base pairs in dna...

adenine pairs with thymine ; guanine pairs with cytosine

a mutation made during dna replication can... - have no effect on the resulting amino acid sequence - lead to new traits - cause an amino acid to be substituted by a stop codon

all of the above

polymers are large macromolecules, like proteins, that are made up of smaller parts called monomers. what are the monomers of proteins?

amino acids

the two strands of a dna molecule run in opposite directions with one running in the 5' to 3' direction and the other in the 3' to 5' direction. what is the name of this type direction?

anti-parallel

a 3 base sequence of mrna that codes for an amino acid is a...?

codon

nitrogenous bases...

contain nitrogen and is a base. its purines are A and G and its pyrimidines are T and C

what is the backbone of dna?

deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

what conclusions did Griffith, Avery, and Hershey & Chase come to following their experiments?

dna molecules are the hereditary factors that transformed bacteria

which enzyme also has "proofreading" capabilities and can correct errors made during dna replication to decrease mutations?

dna polymerase

rosalind franklin's lab took the famous photo 51, an image made using x-ray crystallography. this led the discovery of...

dna's double helix structure

a segment of dna located on a chromosomes that codes for a protein

gene

review the original and mutated dna strand below. What type of mutation is this? original: TAC TCC GCG ATC mutated: TAC TGC CGC GAT

insertion frameshift mutation

a substitution mutation resulted in a change in the codons below. the "G" in UAG is a mutation. what type of point mutation is this? original mrna strand: AUG UAC CCC UAA mutated mrna strand: AUG UAG CCC UAA

nonsense point mutation

polymers are large macromolecules, like DNA, that are made up of smaller parts called monomers. what are the monomers of DNA?

nucleotides

translation (rna is translated to protein)

occurs in the cytoplasm

transcription (dna is transcribed to rna)

occurs in the nucleus

after semi-conservative replication, the two newly created dna molecules will each have..

one original strand and one new strand

review the statements below then choose which are correct: - the strands of dna run antiparallel - the central dogma of molecular biology is protein → rna → dna - dna replication is said to be semi-conservative

only 1 and 3 are right

genes contain instructions for assembling

proteins from dna

a substitution mutation resulted in a change in the codons below. the "C" in CUA is a mutation. what type of point mutation is this? original mrna strand: AUG UUA GGG UAA mutated mrna strand: AUG CUA GGG UAA

silent point mutation

what type of mutation does not result in different proteins and new traits?

silent point mutation

what is a function of helicase?

the enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds in dna, exposing dna nucleotides on the inside of the helix

what is a function of dna polymerase?

the enzyme proofreads the dna and ensures mutations are fixed

replication fork

the y-shaped region that results when the two strands separate

the process of making mrna from a dna template is called?

transcription

hydrogen bonds

weak, but there are millions and millions of them in a single molecule of dna.


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