Toxi 1000 exam 1

How many essential vitamins are there?

13

What is the average concentration of water in food?

75%

What is food made of?

A group of elements (from the Periodic Table)

The term "nutraceuticals" is applied to foods that offer what?

A potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition

When salt or sugar dissolves into water the resulting concoction is known as what?

A solution

What is an "essential nutrient"?

A substance that is required by the human body for survival, growth and development, health, and reproduction

Which food group contains the lowest concentration of water?

All foods contain some water but dry foods, such as crackers contain the lowest concentration

At what stage of the food supply chain is food safety practiced?

All stages: • Harvest and storage • Processing and packaging • Transportation and retail • Consumer

What is "free" water in a food product?

Available water - water available for microbial growth

The water content in food is discussed as two different types, how are these two types of water identified (named)?

Bound and Free

What essential nutrient provides energy for the brain and body, and is commonly found in fruits, grain products, and starchy vegetables?

Carbohydrates

Which essential nutrient is the main source of energy for the brain?

Carbohydrates

Which group of essential nutrients is the primary source of energy for bodily functions?

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate molecules are composed of a small group of elements, what are they?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are the most common elements found in food?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

What is an example of foods with high water content?

Cucumbers and watermelons

What are examples of good sources of protein?

Dairy products, beans, eggs, fish

What name is commonly applied to ordinary foods that have been fortified with health promoting ingredients?

Designer foods

When did food safety begin?

Early in human history

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water are all examples of what?

Essential nutrients

Omega-3s are an example of which group of essential nutrients?

Fats

What types of foods are good sources for minerals?

Fish

What is the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non-biological components of foods?

Food chemistry

Deliberately misrepresenting some aspect of a food product is known as what?

Food fraud

What common term is applied to any illness involving a combination of intestinal symptoms which include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea?

Food poisoning

The selection, preservation, processing, packaging, and distribution of food and food products is covered by what branch of the food sciences?

Food technology

What term is applied to a disease acquired through the consumption of food contaminated with chemical or biological agents?

Foodborne illness

What term is applied to a disease caused by consuming an infectious agent, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites?

Foodborne infection

What is a functional food?

Foods that have a potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition and are claimed to

Food plants or animals that have had their DNA modified to enact a beneficial change are commonly known as?

Genetically Modified Organisms

What is the title of the food safety oriented mega-regulation developed by the FDA?

HACCP

What affect does water activity have on microbial growth?

High water activity equals higher microbial growth potential

Many "snack-foods" • Cheese puffs • Processed cheese spread

Highly processed foods

One of the functions of water in food and food processing is to serve as a reactant, what are two reactions in food processing that include water?

Hydrolysis and ionization

What affect does food processing have on the water content of a food product?

It can be significant in either direction

What name is commonly applied to foods that offer little nutritional value?

Junk food

Dietary minerals are divided into two different categories, what are these categories?

Macrominerals or microminerals

Who is considered the Father of Modern Toxicology?

Mathieu Orfila

What are dispersions?

Mixtures of water-insoluble substances (colloids) in an aqueous matrix

Do foods with higher moisture contents also have a higher water activity?

No

Does a particular substance have to contain all of the essential nutrients to be considered a food?

No

What types of foods are good sources for minerals?

Nuts, beans, and lentils

Which food group contains the lowest concentration of water?

Oil (lipids)

HACCP

Paracelsus

Who is considered the Father of Toxicology?

Paracelsus

Pre-cut or chopped fruits and vegetables are examples of what types for food products?

Processed foods - minimally processed

Amino acids occur in which group of essential nutrients?

Protein

What essential nutrient is responsible for building and repairing the body?

Protein

What essential nutrient is responsible for building and repairing the body?

Proteins

If a substance has an aw of 1.0 what is it?

Pure water

How many essential nutrients are there?

Six

What are two types of dispersions?

Suspensions and emulsions

What is the difference between colloids in a suspension and in an emulsion?

Suspensions have larger molecules than emulsions

If a food is said to have "low satiation value", what does this mean?

The food does not provide a full or satisfied feeling

The basic concept of toxicology is "dose-response", what is the meaning of this concept?

The toxicity of a substance is in large part based on the amount received

What is the name of the science that studies the harmful interactions between chemicals and/or physical agents with biological systems?

Toxicology

How did early humans test foods for natural toxins?

Trial and error

Food Science is the study of the physical, biological, and chemical make up of food; and the concepts of food.

True

Which essential nutrient helps to maintain homeostasis in the body?

Water

Which essential nutrient helps to transport nutrients to cells?

Water

Which essential nutrient is important in removing waste products from body?

Water

What does "aw" stand for?

Water activity in a food

What is "bound" water?

Water incorporated into the molecular structure of a food product

What name is commonly applied to foods that under go a minimal amount of processing before they reach the consumer?

Whole foods

Are food and food products poisonous?

Yes, all substances are toxic - it depends on the dose

Microorganisms can grow in foods with water activities less than 0.75?

Yes, some molds and yeast can grow in foods with water activities less than 0.75