Toxi 1000 exam 1
How many essential vitamins are there?
13
What is the average concentration of water in food?
75%
What is food made of?
A group of elements (from the Periodic Table)
The term "nutraceuticals" is applied to foods that offer what?
A potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition
When salt or sugar dissolves into water the resulting concoction is known as what?
A solution
What is an "essential nutrient"?
A substance that is required by the human body for survival, growth and development, health, and reproduction
Which food group contains the lowest concentration of water?
All foods contain some water but dry foods, such as crackers contain the lowest concentration
At what stage of the food supply chain is food safety practiced?
All stages: • Harvest and storage • Processing and packaging • Transportation and retail • Consumer
What is "free" water in a food product?
Available water - water available for microbial growth
The water content in food is discussed as two different types, how are these two types of water identified (named)?
Bound and Free
What essential nutrient provides energy for the brain and body, and is commonly found in fruits, grain products, and starchy vegetables?
Carbohydrates
Which essential nutrient is the main source of energy for the brain?
Carbohydrates
Which group of essential nutrients is the primary source of energy for bodily functions?
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate molecules are composed of a small group of elements, what are they?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What are the most common elements found in food?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
What is an example of foods with high water content?
Cucumbers and watermelons
What are examples of good sources of protein?
Dairy products, beans, eggs, fish
What name is commonly applied to ordinary foods that have been fortified with health promoting ingredients?
Designer foods
When did food safety begin?
Early in human history
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water are all examples of what?
Essential nutrients
Omega-3s are an example of which group of essential nutrients?
Fats
What types of foods are good sources for minerals?
Fish
What is the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non-biological components of foods?
Food chemistry
Deliberately misrepresenting some aspect of a food product is known as what?
Food fraud
What common term is applied to any illness involving a combination of intestinal symptoms which include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea?
Food poisoning
The selection, preservation, processing, packaging, and distribution of food and food products is covered by what branch of the food sciences?
Food technology
What term is applied to a disease acquired through the consumption of food contaminated with chemical or biological agents?
Foodborne illness
What term is applied to a disease caused by consuming an infectious agent, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites?
Foodborne infection
What is a functional food?
Foods that have a potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition and are claimed to
Food plants or animals that have had their DNA modified to enact a beneficial change are commonly known as?
Genetically Modified Organisms
What is the title of the food safety oriented mega-regulation developed by the FDA?
HACCP
What affect does water activity have on microbial growth?
High water activity equals higher microbial growth potential
Many "snack-foods" • Cheese puffs • Processed cheese spread
Highly processed foods
One of the functions of water in food and food processing is to serve as a reactant, what are two reactions in food processing that include water?
Hydrolysis and ionization
What affect does food processing have on the water content of a food product?
It can be significant in either direction
What name is commonly applied to foods that offer little nutritional value?
Junk food
Dietary minerals are divided into two different categories, what are these categories?
Macrominerals or microminerals
Who is considered the Father of Modern Toxicology?
Mathieu Orfila
What are dispersions?
Mixtures of water-insoluble substances (colloids) in an aqueous matrix
Do foods with higher moisture contents also have a higher water activity?
No
Does a particular substance have to contain all of the essential nutrients to be considered a food?
No
What types of foods are good sources for minerals?
Nuts, beans, and lentils
Which food group contains the lowest concentration of water?
Oil (lipids)
HACCP
Paracelsus
Who is considered the Father of Toxicology?
Paracelsus
Pre-cut or chopped fruits and vegetables are examples of what types for food products?
Processed foods - minimally processed
Amino acids occur in which group of essential nutrients?
Protein
What essential nutrient is responsible for building and repairing the body?
Protein
What essential nutrient is responsible for building and repairing the body?
Proteins
If a substance has an aw of 1.0 what is it?
Pure water
How many essential nutrients are there?
Six
What are two types of dispersions?
Suspensions and emulsions
What is the difference between colloids in a suspension and in an emulsion?
Suspensions have larger molecules than emulsions
If a food is said to have "low satiation value", what does this mean?
The food does not provide a full or satisfied feeling
The basic concept of toxicology is "dose-response", what is the meaning of this concept?
The toxicity of a substance is in large part based on the amount received
What is the name of the science that studies the harmful interactions between chemicals and/or physical agents with biological systems?
Toxicology
How did early humans test foods for natural toxins?
Trial and error
Food Science is the study of the physical, biological, and chemical make up of food; and the concepts of food.
True
Which essential nutrient helps to maintain homeostasis in the body?
Water
Which essential nutrient helps to transport nutrients to cells?
Water
Which essential nutrient is important in removing waste products from body?
Water
What does "aw" stand for?
Water activity in a food
What is "bound" water?
Water incorporated into the molecular structure of a food product
What name is commonly applied to foods that under go a minimal amount of processing before they reach the consumer?
Whole foods
Are food and food products poisonous?
Yes, all substances are toxic - it depends on the dose
Microorganisms can grow in foods with water activities less than 0.75?
Yes, some molds and yeast can grow in foods with water activities less than 0.75