Quiz Bowl History

During the primaries, the winner of this election faced allegations involving Gennifer Flowers. The highest-finishing third-party candidate in this election featured James Stockdale on the ticket, and took almost 19% of the popular vote. To keep campaigners focused, a sign including the slogans "Don't Forget Health Care" and "the economy, stupid" was hung up by James Carville. Name the year in which incumbent George H.W. Bush lost to Bill Clinton.

1992

After this dynasty fell into decline, it briefly became a vassal to the Buyid emirs in Shiraz. Around the same time, the Samanids and the Ghaznavids broke away from this dynasty in Khorasan. It came to power in a revolution led by the populist general Abu Muslim, whom this dynasty quickly murdered afterwards. The Barmakid family from Bactria wielded much influence in this dynasty's early years. To avoid (*) shedding royal blood, this dynasty's last king was rolled up in a carpet and stomped to death by horses. This caliphate lost most of its territory to the Fatimids and Seljuk Turks in the 10th century. In 1258, Hulagu Khan sacked its capital of Baghdad. For 10 points, name this caliphate that succeeded the Umayyads.

Abassid Dybasty

To defend his stance that speech was a result of hearing, this man carried out a language deprivation experiment on his own children. This ruler's son rebelled against him but still took his throne after his death, his son being Jahangir. This man created the dahsala system as a means of taxation, credited to Sher Shah Suli. This emperor repealed the jizya tax on non-Muslims, and created an amalgamation of other religions including Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity called Din-e Ilahi. For 10 points, name this grandson of Babur who ruled over the Mughal Empire.

Akbar

This man issued the "Decree of Infallibility," which required the ulama to recognize him as the arbiter of all religious doctrine. This man rooted out corruption in the army by appointing mansabdars who were paid a fixed salary. This man built the Buland Darwaza, or "Gate of Victory" to commemorate his conquest of Gujarat. A biography of this man was written by Abu'l-Fazl, one of this king's "nine jewels." This king ordered a "House of (*) Worship" called Ibadat Khana to be built in Fatehpur Sikri to further the cult of personality he founded called Din-I-Ilahi. This emperor won the Second Battle of Panipat, abolished the jizya tax on non-Muslims, and was succeeded by Jahangir. For 10 points, name this "great" Mughal Emperor who was the son of Humayun.

Akbar the Great

An attempt to burn this building down was made by Denis Michael Rohan, an Australian, in 1969. After World War I, Mimar Kemaleddin supervised the restoration of this building, for which the Second Intifada is sometimes named. When the history of this building was misunderstood, it was the headquarters of the Knights Templar. This building is claimed to be the destination of the Night Journey of Muhammad, and it is the place from which Muhammad ascended to heaven. Name this third holiest site in Islam, located next to the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

Al-Asqua Mosque

This president was shot by Charles Dickinson and vetoed a bill that would have constructed a road through Kentucky known as the Maysville Road. Richard Lawrence attempted to assassinate this man, whose wife Rachel Donelson died shortly after one election. This man's first Secretary of State resigned in order to end the (*) Peggy Eaton Affair. This president and Nicholas Biddle fought the "Bank war" over the renewal of second Bank of the United States' charter. John Quincey Adams supposedly beat this man in the 1824 election as the result of a "Corrupt Bargain." For 10 points, what seventh President of the United States was known as "Old Hickory"?

Andrew Jackson

The last words of one person to die exploring this location were "I am just going outside and may be some time." This region was the subject of the failed Nimrod and Endurance Expeditions, led by Sir Ernest (*) Shackleton, as well as the Terra Nova Expedition, which ended with the death of Robert Scott. For 10 points, name this continent on which, in December 1911, Roald Amundsen's team first reached the South Pole.

Antarctica

In this country, the GOU secret society led a 1943 coup to overthrow Ramon Castillo, ending its "Infamous Decade". The "Triple A" death squad was founded in this country shortly after right-wing snipers perpetrated a 1973 massacre at the Ezeiza Airport against the left-wing Montoneros. During this country's "National Reorganization Process", thousands of desaparecidos were (*) kidnapped and killed by the government of Jorge Videla. A leader of this country was supported by the descamisados, or "shirtless ones", and was succeeded in 1974 by his wife Isabel. The Dirty War was a period of political repression in this country that began after the death of its president Juan Peron. For 10 points, name this country that lost the Falklands War to Britain.

Argentina

As a young man, the historian Arnold Toynbee was tasked by the British government with collecting evidence about this event. This event began in earnest after deserters were blamed for a loss at the Battle of Sarikamish, shortly after which 250 intellectuals were arrested and deported from the capital. Ambassador Henry Morgenthau reported on resistance to this event in the city of Van. Many people were marched through the (*) desert to Deir ez-Zor during this event with the justification of keeping them away from front-line fighting. Article 301 has been used to prosecute people who discuss this event, which may have killed 1.5 million people. For 10 points, name this event in which large numbers of Christians were systematically killed during World War I by the Turks.

Armenian Genocide

This food is deep fried and skewered in a "Q" form popular with Filipino street vendors, and it is often served on the side to be eaten with rice in Somali cuisine. Small producers of this commodity were driven out of business by sigatoka disease in the early 20th century. The Gros Michel (grow mee-SHELL) variety of this food was marketed with the image of Carmen Miranda during the 1950s before being largely replaced by the (*) Cavendish. In 1953, the CIA helped overthrow Jacobo Árbenz after he threatened American cultivators of this commodity in Guatemala. "El Pulpo," or "The Octopus," was the nickname for a corporation that dominated this commodity's production, the United Fruit Company. For 10 points, identify this fruit that nicknames repressive Central American "republics."

Banana

Question: This man created the Caisse des Travaux as a way to finance his undertakings, and his successor was JeanCharles Alphand. He was satirized in Le Temps by future Prime Minister Jules Ferry. One of this man's goals may have been to prevent the creation of barricades, which had been used during the June Days Uprising. He also replaced a system built by Pierre Bruneseau with one that had separate pipes for drinking water and sewage. He supervised the creation of the Bois de Vincennes, and this man cleared medieval streets to create boulevards in his role as prefect of the Seine. For 10 points, name this man who rebuilt Paris during the reign of Napoleon III

Baron Haussamann

This battle opened when the jester Taillefer attacked a soldier while reciting the Song of Roland. After this battle, victorious troops were ambushed in the Malfosse. One side in this battle employed housecarls and effectively used a shield wall to defend against archer attacks. This battle took place after Tostig's brother defeated a Viking invasion at (*) Stamford Bridge that was led by Harold Hardrada. This battle occurred at Senlac Hill, where its loser was shot in the eye. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts Harold Godwinson's loss at this battle. For 10 points, name this 1066 victory for William the Conqueror.

Battle of Hastings

The exile Hippias advised the losing side in this battle, whose men panicked and ran into swamps. The winning general of this battle, Miltiades [mill-tye-ah-dees], organized troops to defend the only two paths off the beach, then ordered a devastating phalanx assault. After this loss for (*) Darius the Great, the Persian army retreated from Greece for 10 years. For 10 points, name this 490 BCE battle, after which Pheidippides [fay-ih-dip-ih-dees] legendarily ran 26 miles to Athens.

Battle of Marathon

This event began two years after the French government ratified treaties between Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza and King Makoko. That ratification led to a protest from Portugal when many similar treaties were signed by either France or Belgium. Fourteen countries, including the United States, signed this event's General Act, which included a free trade agreement on Lake Niassa, also known as Lake Malawi. During this event, Portugal proposed a "Pink Map" with Angola and Mozambique united. Name this 1884-to-1885 meeting that addressed the scramble for African colonies, and which was hosted by Otto von Bismarck in his capital.

Berlin West Africa conference

This organization's Project MKUltra investigated human mind control. In 2006, it was admitted that this organization operated "black sites" in Eastern Europe. This organization funded the Nicaraguan Contras and trained the rebels who landed at the (*) Bay of Pigs, one of many of its attempts to remove Fidel Castro from power. John Brennan currently leads, for 10 points, what governmental spy agency that deals in foreign espionage?

CIA

According to legend, one advisor to this ruler built some fake villages along the Dnieper River before a visit to the newly-acquired Crimea region. The Partitions of Poland and the colonization of Alaska took place during the reign of this friend of (*) Grigory Potemkin, who came to power after the death of her husband, Peter III. For 10 points, name this 18th century "enlightened despot," an Empress of Russia.

Catherine the Great

In a novel set in this location, Madame Haupt Hebamme is reluctant to see a teenage girl who is dying in childbirth. Catherine Banahan meets Studs Lonigan in a novel set here. Another work describes this place as "a tall bold slugger" and "a dog with tongue lapping for action" before repeating that it is a "Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat". This "somber city" is the birthplace of a Saul Bellow protagonist in The Adventures of Augie March. The meatpacking industry of this "Hog Butcher for the World" was exposed by Upton Sinclair. For 10 points, name this city, the setting of The Jungle and the subject of a Carl Sandburg poem.

Chicago

This leader's sister, Arsinoe, was controversially killed on the steps of the Temple of Artemis. This leader's son, Caesarion, lived briefly as the last Pharaoh of Egypt one year after this leader ordered a decisive retreat from (*) Octavian's navy at the Battle of Actium with her lover, Marc Antony. For 10 points, name this Egyptian Pharaoh who, shortly after Marc Antony's suicide, legendarily killed herself by snakebite.

Cleopatra

One member of this party described it as an "organized hypocrisy" after politicians like the Haddington and Derby were chosen instead of him for the 1841 cabinet. A later prime minister from this party who resigned in 1974 after taking his country into the European Economic Community was Edward Heath, while another PM from this party declared that "the Soviets are bent on world dominance". In 2010, members of this party, including Home Secretary Theresa May and George Osborne, agreed to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats to gain the position of Prime Minister. For 10 points, name this major political party of the United Kingdom currently led by David Cameron.

Conservative and Unionist party

Possibly as a response to rumors of their illicit relationship, this man put his son Crispus and wife Fausta to death. This man brought back the solidus coins, introduced by his predecessor, and regained control over the empire after a meeting at Chrysopolis led to the surrender of his co-emperor. The buckling of a wooden or possibly pontoon bridge proved decisive in his greatest victory. That engagement was the battle of the Milvian Bridge, during which his rival Maxentius drowned in the Tiber. Along with co-emperor Licinius, the man issued the Edict of Milan, introducing religious tolerance in Rome. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor who rebuilt Byzantium and converted to Christianity.

Constantine

In this leader's farewell address, he noted that, until World War II, "American makers of plowshares could [...] make swords as well." He used the Army to desegregate Central High School in Little Rock, and he was inspired by the Autobahn to develop the national (*) Interstate system. This Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces led the invasion of Normandy on D-Day. For 10 points, name this general who served as U.S. President following Harry Truman.

David Dwight Eisenhower

Along with John Allen, this man intervened in a child custody dispute to help out mutual friend Natalie Khawam. He acquired the nickname "Peaches" as a youth because his name was viewed as too hard to say. A 2007 advertisement from MoveOn.org claimed this man was "cooking the books for the White House." His reputation was tarnished after the FBI received a complaint about cyberstalking from Florida socialite Jill Kelley, who was being harassed by this man's mistress. He recently pled guilty to misdemeanor charges regarding classified information that stemmed from his affair with Paula Broadwell, the author of his biography All In. For 10 points, name this four-star general and former CIA chief.

David Petraeus

During this man's political exile, he worked in a tractor factory, and his son was paralyzed by being thrown from a window. This man proposed the policy of "One Country, Two Systems." He was labeled the "second biggest capitalist roader" after Liu Shaoqi. In suggesting the abolition of the people's communes, this leader stated that "it doesn't matter if the cat is black or white, as long as it catches the mice." With Zhao Ziyang and Hu Yaobang, this man outmaneuvered (*) Hua Guofeng for power. He set up the Special Economic Zones and promoted "socialism with Chinese characteristics." This "paramount leader" ordered the suppression of the protests at Tiananmen Square. For 10 points, name this Chinese leader who presided over China's 1980s economic revolution.

Deng Xiaoping

Henry Kissinger referred to this former CEO of General Instrument and G. D. Searle as an "occasional adversary and permanent friend". Anthony Zinni was one of several retired generals who called for this person to resign from the cabinet amid complaints that he too forcefully exerted civilian control over the military. When President Ford fired several moderates from his staff, this man was promoted from Chief of Staff to Secretary of Defense. He later became the only person to be the Secretary of Defense twice. Identify this man replaced by Robert Gates, who was criticized for his handling of the Iraq War under George W. Bush.

Donald Rumsfield

nvoking "the considerable judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God," this document included a clause allowing those affected and "of suitable condition" to join the armed forces. This document included exceptions for the city of New Orleans and all of West Virginia. News reaching Galveston, Texas that this document was going to be enforced became the inspiration for the Juneteenth holiday. Name this decree issued on January 1st, 1863, which freed all slaves held in Confederate states.

Emancipation Proclamation

A war between these two countries was sparked when one refused to set off a cannon of white smoke for the other's yacht Merlin. One of these countries sailed up a river to burn thirteen of the other country's ships in the Raid on the Medway. A group of nobles from one of these countries known as the Immortal Seven sent a letter to the ruler of the other. By the Treaty of Nonsuch, one of these countries agreed to support the other in exchange for two towns captured by the (*) Sea Beggar pirates. A stadtholder from one of these countries accepted the Bill of Rights from the other's legislature. During the second war between these two countries, one seized New York from the other. For 10 points, name these two maritime countries, both ruled by William III of Orange.

England and the Netherlands

In 1961, this country received a diplomatic note calling for military consultations on defense against "Germany and her allies," as per the FCMA Treaty. The German-trained Jaegers made up the White Guards during this country's civil war. Yelena Bonner founded a watch group to monitor compliance with Article VII of an agreement signed in this country, which called for "respect for human rights." During one war, this country's troops coined the term (*) "Molotov cocktail" and used cross-country skis to fight a larger enemy force. This country used the Mannerheim line during that war, which was followed by the Continuation War. This country ceded Karelia after losing the Winter War to the Soviets. For 10 points, name this country where the Helsinki Accords were signed.

Finland

This country's Petsamo province was ceded to its eastern neighbor in 1922, but it recaptured much of Karelia during the Continuation War. This country's Sami people live in its province of Lapland, which was the site of late fighting against the Nazis. Fighters from this country used (*) "Molotov cocktails" against Soviet bombings during the Winter War. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country with capital at Helsinki.

Finland

During this campaign, hundreds of dead mules used by the Zion Mule Corps were towed out to sea but returned with the tide. Harold Walker's troops achieved a pyrrhic victory by taking the "impregnable" Lone Pine in this campaign. The aggressors in this campaign successfully fooled Liman von Sanders, who was caught with only two divisions stationed on a key battleground. This campaign is remembered on an April 25th (*) holiday. The failure of this campaign prompted the resignation of the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. Allied forces, including large numbers of Anzac troops, were repelled from Chunuk Bair by troops under Kemal Ataturk during this campaign. For 10 points, name this disastrous Allied campaign against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

Gallipoli campaign

Question: Extended to maritime conflict through the efforts of Mikhail Muravyov [myoo-RAH-voev] and Tsar [tsahr] Nicholas the Second, one protocol added later to this agreement extended its guidelines to those involved in "self-determination." Its initial negotiations were instigated by Henri Dunant [doo-nahn], the founder of the Red Cross. The US is not party to its second protocol, which prohibits the taking of hostages and torture. Name this set of international protocols regarding civilians and military conflict

Geneva Conventions

People of this type were led by a drummer boy named Hans Bohm in a bonfire of vanities. Several movements of these people used a flag depicting the "bound shoe." A call for "everyone who can [to] smite, slay, and stab" these people was issued during a war in which they were briefly led by a knight with an iron prosthetic hand. The abolition of the death tax was demanded in the Twelve Articles issued by these people. Before the Battle of Frankenhausen, a movement of these people in (*) Swabia was led by Thomas Muntzer. A revolt of these people was condemned in a pamphlet about "murderous and thieving hordes" by Martin Luther. For 10 points, name this class of agricultural laborers who name a 15th-century war in Germany.

German Peasants

Question: After this European country tried to force its colonial subjects to grow cotton, it faced a revolt led by the mystic Kinjikitile Ngwale, who claimed he could turn bullets into water. This colonial power faced the Maji Maji Rebellion in 1905, around the same time that its forces won the Battle of Waterberg in order to drive the Herero people into the desert. Before being passed to (*) Belgian rule, Rwanda was a colony of this country, which unsuccessfully challenged French influence by sending gunboats to Agadir and Tangiers in the two Moroccan Crises. All of its colonies, including modern-day Namibia and Tanzania, became League of Nations mandates after World War I. For 10 points, name this country that aggressively expanded its colonial empire under Wilhelm II.

Germany

Question: A leader of this country used the slogan "Seek ye first the political kingdom" after being freed from prison by Charles Arden-Clarke. Conservative advocates for this country's independence called for "Independence in the Shortest Possible Time," in contrast with the slogan "Independence Now" used by the Convention People's Party. While visiting China in 1966, the first leader of this country was overthrown by Joseph Ankrah. That leader used revenue from this country's cocoa exports to fund the hydroelectric (*) Akosombo Dam. This country was ruled by Pan-Africanism advocate Kwame Nkrumah, and it was named for a medieval trading empire centered on Kumbi Saleh. For 10 points, name this West African country, formerly called the Gold Coast, whose capital is Accra.

Ghana

After this country sent an unsuccessful embassy to China, its monarch was told to "tremblingly obey and show no negligence" in a letter by the Qianlong (chien-lung) Emperor. The Canton commissioner Lin Zexu (dzuh-shyoo) sent an open letter of complaint to this country's monarch in 1839. An officer from this country led the Ever Victorious Army during the Taiping Rebellion, earning the nickname "Chinese." A war began in (*) 1856 after Chinese officials seized a former pirate ship flying this country's flag, the Arrow. This country's troops helped French troops sack the Summer Palace in 1860. This country signed the "unequal treaty" of Nanking after a war fought to preserve its trade of opium to China. For 10 points, name this country that controlled Hong Kong.

Great Britian

This group settled the strategically-critical city of Naupactus. Part of this group was given garlands and slain at the temple of Poseidon at Taenarus. This group staged a revolt after an earthquake took place at the Taygetus Mountains in 464 BC. Many of them received their status after two Messenian Wars. These people, who could become mothakes by completing the agoge, could often be indiscriminately killed by the krypteia. Every autumn, the ephors declared war on these people, who could become neodamodes by serving as hoplites or paying a sum of 500 drachmas. For 10 points, name these people subjugated by the Spartan state.

Helots

failed plot by this ruler who claimed descent from Cadwaladr led to the execution of the Duke of Buckingham as well as his own banishment from Brittany. Perkin Warbeck led a failed invasion against him, who had earlier crushed an uprising by supporters of Lambert Simnel at the Battle of Stoke. This ruler ordered the repeal of the Titulus Regius of his predecessor, who had seized the throne by imprisoning two princes in the Tower of London. The Stanley brothers led their forces in support of this man in the midst of one battle, enabling his victory at Bosworth Field and ending the War of the Roses. For 10 points, identify this successor to Richard III, the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

Henry 7

This person chartered the Oskar II and sailed to a conference in Stockholm in an attempt to bring an end to World War One. He bankrolled the purchase of many historic buildings that ended up in Greenfield Village. He blamed war on the financial schemes of the "International Jew," and he bought the Dearborn Independent in order to publish such opinions. Name this automobile tycoon who utilized the assembly line in the manufacture of the Model T.

Henry Ford

One ruler in this royal house teamed with the English for the Siege of Lingen [LEEN-gun] during his Ten Glory Years. Another ruler in this royal house, who died crossing Moerdyk in a ferry boat, was John William Friso. A queen of this house used a radio station named for it to broadcast encouragement to her country's resistance during World War II from London. In addition to being the line of Maurice and Wilhelmina, this is the house of the newly installed King Willem-Alexander. A member of this house became the King of England after the Glorious Revolution. Name this royal house that has led the Netherlands.

House of Orange

This speech notes that America has given a "bad check," but its speaker refuses to believe that "the bank of justice is bankrupt." This speech hopes that the "table of brotherhood" will join together the sons of slaves and slave owners and that the speaker's (*) "four little children" will be judged "by the content of their character." For 10 points, name this speech, given at the March on Washington on August 28, 1963 by Dr. Martin Luther King

I Have A Dream

It's not Mexico, but a geological area in this country is central to Gerta Keller's theory challenging the Alvarez hypothesis. This country's northern border, which was once partly set by the MacartneyMacDonald Line and the McMahon (mac-MAN) Line, runs across its disputed regions of Ladakh and Aksai Chin. In 1972, the Simla Agreement set part of its western border along the (*) Line of Control, which did not include the now-disputed Siachen Glacier. Another part of its western border runs through the Great Rann of Kutch and the Thar Desert. Its eastern state of Assam lies south of its state of Arunachal Pradesh, parts of which are claimed by China. Amritsar is in this country, which controls eastern Punjab. For 10 points, name this country whose state of Rajasthan is bordered to the northwest by Pakistan.

India

In the 1890s, merchants in this modern-day country successfully protested a concession that had been granted to a British firm to sell tobacco. The missionary Howard Baskerville died during the Constitutional Revolution in this country, which established its parliament. A dynasty of this country came to power with the help of the Cossack Brigade and employed a secret police known as the SAVAK. The crash of a C- 130 (*) helicopter in this country doomed Operation Eagle Claw. Kermit Roosevelt helped overthrow a prime minister of this country in Operation Ajax after that PM, Mohammed Mossadegh, nationalized its oil industry. For 10 points, name this country where in 1979 the ruling Pahlavi dynasty was overthrown and replaced with Ayatollah Khomeini.

Iran

This event, a violation of the Boland Amendment, resulted in three felony convictions for Oliver North. It was investigated by the Tower Commission, which criticized the President for his inattentiveness. Its goal was to suppress the (*) communist Sandinistas. For 10 points, name this scandal of the Reagan administration in which arms sales to the Middle East funded a Nicaraguan rebel group.

Iran-Contra affair

The Jeanie Johnston had a perfect safety record while transporting refugees of this event, who often fled in coffin ships. "Souperism" was the practice of providing food and Protestant teaching to Catholic children who suffered in this event. It was ended in part by Robert (*) Peel's 1846 revoking of the Corn Laws, allowing cheaper food imports. For 10 points, name this mass starvation in 19th century Ireland, caused by a blight of a certain crop.

Irish Potato Famine

In this country, a criminal known as the "Monster with 21 Faces" terrorized confectionery companies. In this country, many prominent politicians were revealed to have been bribed with shares for the Recruit company. The Flying Geese Paradigm suggested that this country would lead growth in its region. This country pioneered quantitative easing to help restart its economy during its "Lost Decade." The book Underground describes a (*) terrorist attack in this country that was carried out using sharpened umbrellas and packages wrapped in newspapers. This country is currently in the Heisei period, and it developed "bullet trains" during the 1960s. For 10 points, name this country where members of a doomsday cult once released sarin gas in the subways of its capital, Tokyo.

Japan

Franklin Sanborn was one of the "Secret Six" who funded this man's actions. He reacted to the sacking of Lawrence by committing the Pottawatomie Massacre, a pivotal moment during the "Bleeding Kansas" conflict. In October 1859, Marines led by (*) Robert E. Lee stopped him from inciting a slave revolt by capturing him in an armory. For 10 points, name this violent abolitionist whose raid on the armory at Harpers Ferry presaged the Civil War.

John Brown

This ruler sought to gain territory via a secret agreement with Charles Theodore, and this ruler also abolished the death penalty. This ruler's finance minister Karl von Zinzendorf attempted to implement policies with physiocratic tendencies. This ruler sent generals Lacy and Laudon on a series of tactical maneuvers in one conflict that saw little actual fighting, the War of Bavarian Succession, and, in response to the peasants' revolt of Horea, abolished serfdom. This ruler issued the Patent of Tolerance and argued with Pius VI over the dissolution of monasteries. For 10 points, identify this Hapsburg monarch succeeded by Leopold, an enlightened despot who rose to power following the death of his co-ruler Maria Teresa.

Joseph 2

This organization was responsible for a raid against the Elduyens, and some of its activities were made illegal by a Force Act. Thomas E. Watson was instrumental in leading its reformation, and a trial in Meridian convicted several members of this organization for the murders of Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman. This organization met after the death of Mary Phagan at Stone Mountain, while coverage of an event it held led to the case Brandenburg v. Ohio. The Birth of a Nation glorified this group, and members from it bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church. For 10 points, identify this organization first led by Nathan Bedford Forrest which heavily opposed the Reconstruction and whose members wore white.

KKK

The Schechter Letter uses the name "HLGW" to describe a ruler of this empire who led two thousand boats traveling on land to raid Constantinople, where he nailed his shield to the city gates. This empire sacked a neighboring state's city of Atil. Boleslaw the Brave intervened in a succession crisis in this empire, during which he chipped his sword after striking its capital's Golden Gate. This empire's history is recorded in Nestor's Primary Chronicle. A ruler of this empire was baptized at Chersonesus after marrying Basil II's sister, Anna. This empire, which conquered the Khazar Empire, was ruled by a dynasty began by Rurik. For 10 points, name this empire ruled by Yaroslav the Wise and Vladimir the Great from the modern-day capital of Ukraine.

Kevian Rus

Operation Neptune Spear was this event's codename, while the codeword "Geronimo" stood for its main objective. A chance for this event in Kandahar was declined due to civilian danger, according to remarks by Bill Clinton the day before the (*) 9-11 attacks. The USS Carl Vinson was used to bury the subject of this event at sea. For 10 points, name this 2011 action of Navy SEAL Team Six in Abbottabad, Pakistan against a former leader of al-Qaeda.

Killing Osama Bin Laden

This man appointed Bayan of the Baarin as his commander, and allowed him to marry the niece of Khatun Chabi, his favorite wife. Through his grandnephew Arghun, he attempted to form an alliance with Philip IV of France. This man defeated his brother and rival Ariq Böke for control of his empire, and he attempted to conquer Sakhalin. Hojo Tokimune was able to repel two invasion fleets sent by this man due to favorable weather. He rose to power following the death of his brother Mongke, and his accomplishments became known to the West by the accounts of Marco Polo. For 10 points, name this Mongol founder of the Yuan dynasty, the grandson of Genghis Khan.

Kubali Khan

One leader of this country contracted Brown and Root to construct the world's largest underground network of pipes in order to create the "Great Manmade River" to irrigate this country. This nation's capital city was bombed by the United States in response for its alleged support of the 1986 Berlin nightclub attack. Two citizens of this country were tried for planning the (*) Lockerbie bombing. In 2011, rebels in this country stormed Green Square and started a National Transitional Council. A leader of this country was killed in Sirte after the fall of Benghazi. For 10 points, name this North African nation formerly led by Muammar al-Gaddafi in Tripoli.

Libya

Question: This leader passed away while a delegation he sent was meeting with Abu Hasan. This person was embarrassed by being forced to kiss the ground in front of Al-Nasir Muhammad. The Mossi Empire conquered his government's capital during one this man's travels. During this leader's reign, the University of Sankore and a large number of mosques were created. This person became a leader when Abu Bakr II went on an ocean voyage. This leader's General Sagmandia captured the city of Gao, which served as the capital of the Mali Empire. Name this 14th-century leader who caused inflation by spending an immense amount of gold on his pilgrimage to Mecca

Mansa Musa

These people destroyed a group of settlements called the "seven cities" after winning the 1598 Battle of Curalaba. These people were led by chieftains called lonco, who appointed military leaders called toqui, who defeated and killed the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. These speakers of the Mapudungun language refer to descendants of Spanish colonists as wingka, a term derived from "new Incas". These people live mostly south of the Bio-Bio River in the Araucania region, and they have also lived in the Chiloe Archipelago. These people have protested the use of Pinochet-era anti-terrorism laws against them. For 10 points, name these indigenous people of southern Argentina and Chile.

Mapuche

This man described a ruler who kept ten thousand white horses, whose milk was fermented to make koumiss. This man also described the efficient empire-wide postal system and the paper currency used by the Yuan dynasty. He was imprisoned by (*) Genoa upon returning to his home city, and his stories were collected in the book Il Milione. For ten points, name this Venetian who met Kublai Khan during his travels on the Silk Road to China.

Marco Polo

The independence of this country and the withdrawal of foreign troops in a civil war north of this country were agreed to at the New York Accords, also known as the Tripartite Accord, in 1988. Efforts by the Herero people to end colonization in what is now this country were brutally put down by Germany. Its first president, who worked with Andimba Toivo ya Toivo to form the Ovamboland People's Organization and the SWAPO Party, was Sam Nujoma. There is currently a secession movement in the part of this country located between Zambia and Botswana. Name this modern-day country that was controlled by South Africa after it was called German South-West Africa

Namibia

This person wrote of aspirations to lead "55 million Arabs, then 224 million Africans, then 420 million followers of Islam" in Philosophy of the Revolution. Though it was nominally headed by Muhammad Naguib [nah-GEEB], this person controlled the Revolutionary Command Council. He blocked access to the Straits of Tiran [tih-RAHN] in response to the withdrawal of funding for the Aswan High Dam. Convinced not to resign following the Six-Day War, he oversaw the exile of King Farouk [fah-ROOK] the First. Anwar Sadat [sah-DAHT] replaced this man after his death. Name this first president of Egypt.

Nasser

Clayton Vogel and James E. Jones supported the formation of this group, the idea for which came when Philip Johnston read a newspaper article. This group first served under Major General Alexander Vandegrift during the Guadalcanal campaign, and they played a major role in the Battle of Iwo Jima. This group was not publicly recognized by the U.S. government until 1992, and they were disbanded during the Vietnam War. The original 29 members were tasked with creating a phonetic alphabet. Identify this group of southwestern Native Americans who successfully used their indigenous language to transmit messages, foiling Japanese decryption attempts.

Navajo code talkers

After a sack of this city, two diamonds nicknamed "Sea of Light" and "Mountain of Light" were taken west. An offshoot of this city was designed by Edwin Lutyens. This city was ruled by a dynasty of slaves begun by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, who commissioned the world's tallest brick minaret in honor of a Sufi mystic. After the massive Battle of Karnal was fought nearby, this city was sacked by the forces of Nader Shah. This city's (*) Red Fort was the original home of the Peacock Throne. A sultanate in this city was ruled by Ibrahim Lodi until his defeat against Babur at the Battle of Panipat, paving the way for the foundation of the Mughal Empire. For 10 points, name this city whose "New" counterpart is the capital of India.

New Delhi

The Shetland Bus was a network of vessels that transported individuals out of this country. Operation Freshman was a British airborne mission undertaken within this country. Agents in this country sunk the SF Hydro, which prevented the removal of heavy water from this country. Josef Terboven was the Reichskommisaar of this country and was responsible for the destruction of the town of Telavag here. This country was the location of the Falstad concentration camp, and its King Haakon VII fled the country in 1940. For 10 points, identify this Scandinavian country that was led by the puppet regime of Vidkun Quisling after falling to Nazi Germany in World War II

Norway

In 1979, Operation Phoenix allegedly involved one of these objects, which caused the Vela Incident. Richard H. Ullman disclosed that the legal loophole of "negative guidance" assisted in the construction of these. The USS Seadragon brought one of these objects to Sasebo, an action which opposed the "three principles" policy formulated by Eisaku Sato, and another one of these was lost near Thule. Smiling Buddha saw the use of one of these underground, and another one was used at Los Alamos during the Trinity test. For 10 points, name these devices which include "Fat Man" and "Little Boy", dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, respectively.

Nuclear bombs

One governor of this state, Robert Lucas, successfully retained a strip of land after mobilizing militia at the Maumee River, and the Adena culture in this state constructed the Great Serpent Mound. Agents from this state were ordered to return all "tax" money seized from the Bank of the United States in the case Osborn v. Bank of US, and Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase served as governor of this state. A senator from this state was known as "Mr. Republican" and co-wrote the Taft-Hartley Act, while another senator from here authored the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. For 10 points, name this state whose former senator, John Glenn, founded a school at a university in Columbus.

Ohio

This civilization may have been the descendant of the mythical Xia dynasty, based on a similarity in facial features found in masks, which this civilization was known for carving in jade. Motifs in this civilization's art include the elongated man and were-jaguars. A major center of this civilization was uncovered at San Lorenzo, while another is at (*) La Venta. This civilization was argued by Matthew Stirling to be the first based in Mesoamerica. The most famous relics of this civilization were made from basalt and weigh several tons. For 10 points, name this civilization best known for its statues of gigantic heads.

Olmecs

The Darien Scheme was a failed attempt to create this structure. Ferdinand de Lesseps was arrested for bribery related to a plan for this structure, which failed due to landslides and yellow fever. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty allowed the (*) U.S. to build this structure after its country declared independence from Colombia. For 10 points, name this 48-mile long structure, whose three locks allow ships to cut across Central America.

Panama Canal

The distribution of items made from this material prompted Baydu to overthrow and strangle his brother, the Ilkhanate king Gaykhatu. Abbot Wang found an early artifact made primarily of this material in the secret Cave 17 of the Mogao Caves. After the defeat of the eunuch general Gao, a facility for producing this material was established in Samarkand. Artisans who worked with this material may have been captured at the Battle of Talas, allowing the (*) Abbasid dynasty to produce it with water mills. Kublai Khan mandated the use of this material for currency. Woodblocks were used to mark this material until a goldsmith from Mainz developed movable type. For 10 points, name this material which is made of pulp and was used to make the Gutenberg Bible.

Paper

Question: The Day of Dupes that occurred in this city was a failure, and Count Odo defended this city from a Viking siege in 885, though Charles the Fat payed off the besiegers anyway. Jaroslaw Dabrowski became the de facto leader of this city during one event, and Adolphe Thiers crushed that uprising here. A golden rose was sent here by Pope Gregory XII in response to the sending of the severed head of Gaspard de Coligny. Declared to be "well worth a mass" by Henry of Navarre, this city was the city of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre as well as a brief Commune. For 10 points, name this European where the Bastille was stormed.

Paris

One person with this surname appointed a resigned Minister of Social Welfare as ambassador to Spain, Lopez Rega. One man with this surname founded the Justicialist Party and denounced the Monteneros. Another person with this surname created a namesake charity foundation after the Society of Beneficence refused to elect her as president and ordered the construction of the Children's Paradise. Jorge Videla led a coup to overthrow one person of this surname. A man of this name was supported by the descamisados and governed his nation for three terms with the help of his wife Eva Duarte, nicknamed Evita. For 10 points, name this surname shared by two Presidents of Argentina, Isabel and Juan.

Perón

Question: This man first made a name for himself by editing a book on the Asbestos Strike of 1949 which was sharply critical of the Duplessis government. This politician's successor dismantled his unpopular National Energy Program. This man defended a criminal code which decriminalized consensual homosexual acts by stating "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation." This man's government passed the Official Languages Act and pushed for a Charter of (*) Rights and Freedoms during the patriation of his country's constitution away from British authority. This prime minister enacted the War Measures Act to deal with the FLQ during the 1970 October Crisis. For 10 points, name this Canadian prime minister, the father of the country's current prime minister.

Pierre Trudeau

Per the Act of Montevideo [mon-tay-vee-DAY-oh], this leader was asked to mediate a conflict between Chile and Argentina. Upon reaching his highest post, this leader declared his goal of reuniting Europe "from the Atlantic to the Ural Mountains." The target of an assassination attempt by Mehmet Ali Agca, he criticized the West for moving towards a "culture of death," predicated by acceptance of euthanasia and abortion. Name this Polish Catholic who was elected Pope in 1978.

Pope John Paul II

A 2008 issue of Time Magazine received criticism for depicting this action with its central object replaced by a tree. A person involved in this action lived on a Gila Indian reservation in Arizona and died as a result of his alcoholism. Another person involved in this action was erroneously identified as Hank Hansen, and was in reality Harlon Block. The first attempt at this action ended after James Forrestal asked to take its central object as a souvenir. Ira Hayes participated in this action, which inspired Felix de Weldon to create the Marine Corps War Memorial outside of Arlington National Cemetery. This action was famously depicted in a photograph by Joe Rosenthal. For 10 points, identify this action done by six soldiers atop Mount Suribachi.

Raising the flag on Iwo Jima

The 1638 Portsmouth Compact established a settlement that would become part of this colony. Its founder published The Bloody Tenet of Persecution in 1644 and purchased land for this colony from the Narragansett Indians. Anne Hutchinson (*) fled religious persecution in Massachusetts to join this colony with the support of Roger Williams, its founder. For 10 points, name this colony in New England with capital Providence.

Rhode Island

This man's wife Isabel published a heavily redacted posthumous biography that played up his secret conversion to Catholicism. In The City of the Saints, this person detailed the Mormon marriage practices he observed on his journey to meet Brigham Young. This man collaborated with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot on a controversial English translation of the Ananga Ranga. This man got desperately sick while his companion John Speke went blind before their visit to Lake (*) Tanganyika during an expedition to find the source of the Nile. This explorer published the Kama Sutra in English and translated The Arabian Nights. In 1853, he disguised himself to join a caravan on the hajj. For 10 points, name this British explorer who journeyed to Mecca.

Richard Francis Burton

Papers detailing a plan to raid this city and kill its leader were found on the body of Ulric Dahlgren. In this city, a politician threw all of the money in his pockets at a group of women protesting high prices during this city's "bread riot." A month after fleeing this city, a man was arrested in Georgia, allegedly while wearing women's clothes, and had his bail paid by Horace Greeley. After a leader left this city on a train to (*) Danville, retreating troops set fire to its strategic locations, resulting in the destruction of large parts of this city. This city was captured after the fall of Petersburg. Because of its superior industry, this city replaced Montgomery as the capital. For 10 points, name this Virginia city that served as the capital of the Confederacy.

Richmond, Virgina

Herodotus provides a detailed description of one of these systems in terms of parasangs. In the early 19th century, John Loudoun McAdam proposed a standard set of stones to be used for the British system of this type. One system of this type was supplemented by tampu buildings, which were similar to Roman buildings presided over by mansionarius. Men known as chasquis (CHOSS-kees) made use of one of these systems, often (*) carrying quipus (KEE-poos) with them. Susa and Sardis were served by a "Royal" one of these things built by Darius the Great. The Incan system of this kind made use of many rope bridges, and the Roman one of these systems included the Via Appia. For 10 points, name these transportation systems, which provide routes for foot and vehicle traffic.

Roads

Question: One work attributed to Samuel Willard about this incident is presented as a dialogue between S and B. Those accused in this incident included the wife of Governor William Phips. A special court featuring Sam Sewall, John Hathorne, and William Stoughton heard cases stemming from it, and it came to an end following "spectre evidence" being thrown out. It ultimately was traced to the West Indian slave Tituba [tih-TOO-bah] and her tales of voodoo. Name this series of cases which saw 19 women hanged for witchcraft.

Salem Witch Trials

This nation was the site of an uprising led by Juhayman al-Utaybi [joo-HAY-mahn ahl oo-TIE-bee], who accused this country's leaders of being Christian allies. It secured its region of Asir following a 1934 war in the Treaty of Taif. 19 Americans were killed in 1996 in the Khobar Towers bombing in this country. On top of fiercely defending its town of Ras al-Khafji [rahs ahl KAHF-jee], it coordinated the victorious Muslim forces of the Persian Gulf War. This was formed by the union of the Hejaz [hay-jaz] and Najd [nehjd] kingdoms, and it was the home country of most of the 9/11 terrorists. Name this Middle East kingdom with capital at Riyadh.

Saudi Arabia

This assembly voted to have one of its members author the "May 15 Preamble" to explain the importance of one of its documents. For two months, this government met at a tavern called the Henry Fite House. This body appointed the Committee of Five to prepare a document that would publicize the Lee Resolution. A letter sent to a member of this body notes that "all men would be tyrants if they could" and urged this body to (*) "Remember the Ladies." John Dickinson led this convention in writing and sending the Olive Branch Petition. This body dissolved itself when its members signed the Articles of Confederation in 1781. For 10 points, name this ruling body that adopted the United States Declaration of Independence and governed for much of the American Revolution.

Second Continental Congress

Question: This nation lost a significant part of its south after an embarrassing defeat at the battle of Maritsa, and this nation suffered another loss to Louis the Great, leading to the creation of the Dusan Code. The retreat of forces under Vuk Brankovic at the Field of the Blackbirds led to the conquest of this nation, home to the Chetnik resistance during World War II. A member of the Black Hand organization based here, Gavrilo Princip, shot Sophia and the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading to the start of World War I. For 10 points, identify this nation that was the base of operations for the Partisans of Josip Tito with a capital at Sarajevo.

Serbia

People who worked with this good created a guild for the "little people" and appointed Michele di Lando to the office of gonfaloniere of justice. Long Melford is an example of an English church built from profits from this good, which also forms a sack on which the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords sits. John Macarthur began the production of this good in Australia where it became the largest Australian export from 1875 to 1890. Disenfranchised workers with this material known as (*) Ciompi led a revolt in Florence. Berber merinos were crossbred to develop a Spanish source for this good. This material is refined through teasing and carding after being removed by shearers. For 10 points, name this clothing material obtained from sheep.

Sheeps wool

This member of the Silent Eaters group was a key organizer of a meeting at Rosebud Creek. The movements of John Gibbon led this leader to participate in one battle, though he later died following an altercation at Standing Rock due to fears that he would endorse the Ghost Dance movement. He was a participant in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, and his greatest success came after Major Reno failed to provide reinforcements. For 10 points, name this Lakota leader and medicine man who briefly led his tribe into Canada and allied with the Cheyenne to defeat Custer at Little Bighorn.

Sitting Bull

One ruler of this polity is known for a 200-line elegiac poem and his concise sayings, including "threaten no one, for that is a womanly trick". Besides Chilon, another ruler of this polity created a legislative council of thirty men sixty years or older, elected by the Apella called the Gerousia. This polity always had the two kings, who were from the Agiad and Eurypontid Dynasties. Archidamus II of this polity negotiated a Thirty Year's Peace with Pericles, and Lycurgus instituted the ruling system of five ephors in this city-state, whose slaves were known as helots. For 10 points, name this Peloponnesian city-state that imposed the Thirty Tyrants upon Athens following its victory in the Second Peloponnesian War.

Sparta

This political group was responsible for the 2001 destruction of a large Buddha statue at Bamiyan [bahm-yahm]. At this group's height of power, its leader took a title meaning "commander of the faithful" and subsequently donned a cloak said to have belonged to Muhammad. That leader, Mullah Omar, lost an eye fighting against the Soviets. Name this group of militant Pashtuns [pahsh-toons] fighting to regain control of Afghanistan.

Taliban

This man caused the Ottoman Interregnum as a result of one battle, and his lands were inherited by Shah Rokh. He supposedly kept a prisoner in an iron cage, destroyed a rival completely at the Battle of Terek River. He won at the Battle of the Kondurcha River over the massive army of the Toktamysh-led Golden Horde, but died on an expedition to China. Besides capturing Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara, this conqueror was known for sacking cities and creating pyramids of skulls. For 10 points, name this 14th century conqueror who used Samarkand as his base, known for being partially crippled.

Tamerlane

After taking one of these objects from Muhammad Shah, Nader Shah allegedly exclaimed, "Koh-i Noor!", referring to its diamond. Another one of these objects was constructed to house a spoil of war which Edward I took from Scone Abbey. An ivory one of these was crafter for Ivan IV, and, after the Battle of Feyiase, in which the Denkyera were defeated, Okomfo Anokye legendarily made one of these objects descend onto Osei Tutu. They also include the "golden" symbol of the Ashanti Empire, the "Peacock" one of the Mughals, and the "Dragon" one of the Chinese. For 10 points, name these pieces of furniture upon which ruling monarchs often sat.

Throne

A history written in this city, the Chronicle of the Seeker, tells how a king undertook a journey after accidentally killing his mother. The jurist Ahmad Baba was deported from this city and his library was plundered after this non-capital city was captured by the Saadi king Ahmad al-Mansur and his general Judah Pasha. An Andalusian architect came to this city to design the Jingaray Ber mosque, as well as the mud and wood (*) Sankore University. Rumors of this city's wealth prompted René Caillié and other Europeans to disguise themselves as Muslims to visit it. This city was the cultural capital of an empire founded by Sundiata and ruled by a man known for his lavish hajj to Mecca, Mansa Musa. For 10 points, name this center of trade and learning in present-day Mali.

Timbuktu

Question: According to Suetonius, when an engineer proposed using labor-saving innovations to move columns, this man refused, stating "you must let me feed my poor commons". This man's victory at the Siege of Yodfat led to the acquisition of his slave Josephus, who later chronicled this man's successes at the Siege of Masada and his quelling of the Great Jewish Revolt. After Galba was defeated by Vitellius at the first battle of Bedricum, this man marched on Rome to claim the title of Emperor. His rise to power ended the Year of the Four Emperors. For 10 points, name this father of Titus and Domitian, a Roman emperor who founded the Flavian Dynasty.

Titus Flavius

A freed slave and hairdresser who took a surname honoring this other person was declared "Venerable" by Pope John Paul II in 1996 for his extensive charity work in New York. This leader initially served as a doctor in a force which had coalesced after the sacrifice of a black pig in the "Crocodile Woods" by Dutty Boukman. This leader was betrayed and sent off to a freezing fort in the Jura Mountains after surrendering to Charles Leclerc. Yellow fever (*) destroyed the forces sent to defeat this man, whose lieutenants Alexander Petion, Henri-Christophe, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines all ruled his country after his death. This person became the leader of an uprising in the colony of Saint-Domingue. For 10 points, name this former slave who led the Haitian Revolution.

Toussaint L'Overture

The Treaty of Coche ended the Federal War in this country, upon which José Antonio Páez resumed his exile. Following atrocities committed by the enemy, an independence fighter from this country issued the Decree of War to the Death. Juan Vicente Gomez gave out grants to use explore one area of this nation for oil, and it achieved independence following the battle of Carabobo. Another leader of this country replaced Carlos Andres Perez, and this nation has consistently relied on oil wealth primarily generated from Lake Maracaibo. For 10 points, name this South American country formerly led by Hugo Chavez.

Venezuela

John Peter Altgeld led the switch on the fourth ballot of a convention to nominate this man over Richard Bland, and Arthur Sewall was selected as his running mate for the ensuing election. He gave speeches such as "The Prince of Peace" and "The Value of an Ideal" while on the Chautauqua Circuit, and negotiated many anti-war treaties as Secretary of State, though he would later resign that post following the sinking of the Lusitania. Despite his strong support for the Spanish-American War, he opposed imperialism and the US annexation of the Philippines. For 10 points, identify this man who declared, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold", a three-time Democratic presidential candidate who advocated for bimetallism.

William Jennings Bryan

To protest the treatment of Anthony Burns, this person stated that the U.S. had made "a covenant with death and an agreement with hell", and burned a copy of the Constitution. This person is pictured holding a bag between David Wilmot and Horace Greeley in the political cartoon "The Hurly-Burly Pot". This person and Benjamin Lundy were sued by Francis Todd for publishing a story describing the conditions on Todd's slave ships. His view of the Constitution caused a rift between him and Frederick Douglass. Name this abolitionist who created the American Anti-Slavery Society and edited The Liberator.

William Lloyd Garrison

Along with the Wool Act, an act which allowed the import of this product from Europe contributed to Scotland's worsening relations with England prior to the 1707 Act of Union. Decades after his country secured a market for this product in England by the Methuen Treaty, the Marquis of Pombal created a national company to regulate its quality. The Duke of Clarence was allegedly killed using the Malmsey variety of this product. This good was exported from (*) Oporto in Portugal as part of a trade with English wool. A region known for producing this good was once an independent duchy which was ruled by Philip the Good and Charles the Bold; that duchy also handed Joan of Arc over to the English. For 10 points, name this product, varieties of which are named for Burgundy and Champagne.

Wine

The murders in this state of Nick Ray and Nate Champion set off the Johnson County War. A city in this state was the source of the moniker of Harry Longbaugh, the Sundance Kid. This is the home state of former senator Alan Simpson, who was replaced by current senator Mike Enzi. Before becoming Secretary of Defense, Dick Cheney represented this state in the House. Name this western US state with capital Cheyenne.

Wyoming

The Byrd Amendment loosened the US embargo of this country to allow the importation of chromium. One leader of this country dismissed Peter Walls from his post as head of the army, and was elected over Joshua Nkomo. , This nation intervened in support of Laurent Kabila during the Second Congo War, and the Lancaster House Agreement in 1979 led to the end of the government of Ian Smith here as well as white minority rule. The Movement for Democratic Change has emerged to challenge the ZANU-PF party in this nation. For 10 points, name this nation formerly known as Southern Rhodesia, led since independence by Robert Mugabe.

Zimbabwe