Traditions and Encounters Chapter 23

In addition to enhanced administration and improved finances, the new monarchs needed to A) have the support of the nobility. B) suppress the power of the nobility. C) gain the support of the Catholic Church. D) satisfy the concerns of the lower classes.

B

Isaac Newton's work seemed to suggest that A) the solar system was only one of many thousand such systems in an infinite universe. B) the stars and planets were part of a unified system, governed by the same natural laws. C) God was indifferent to the prayers and concerns of humanity. D) it was possible to mathematically prove the existence of God. E) time and space were relative, not absolute constructs.

B

Luther's initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was A) his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. B) the sale of indulgences. C) his time spent in England during the English Reformation. D) the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. E) the influence of John Calvin.

B

Most Enlightenment philosophers believed A) in a geocentric universe. B) in the notion of progress. C) in a very active God who played a constant role in human affairs. D) that the world was getting worse because of corrupt human nature. E) that the world would end soon.

B

New institutions that supported early capitalism included all of the following EXCEPT A) banks and lending institutions. B) craft guilds. C) stock exchanges. D) joint-stock companies. E) insurance companies.

B

The English Civil War ended with the trial and decapitation of A) James I. B) Charles I. C) Elizabeth I. D) James II. E) Charles II.

B

The Ptolemaic universe was based on A) the idea that the earth rested on the back of a giant turtle. B) a motionless earth surrounded by nine hollow spheres. C) a heliocentric structure. D) the unifying principle of gravity. E) the observations of Galileo.

B

The architect of French absolutism was A) John Locke. B) Cardinal Richelieu. C) Charles II. D) Montesquieu. E) Louis XVIII.

B

The city that stood as John Calvin's model Protestant community was A) Avignon. B) Paris. C) Geneva. D) Wittenberg. E) London.

C

The Spanish leader who sent an armada against England in 1588 was A) Philip II. B) Don Juan. C) Fernando. D) Charles V. E) Dom Henrique.

A

The author of the Institutes of the Christian Religion was A) Calvin. B) Luther. C) Zwingli. D) Henry VIII. E) Paul III

A

The most destructive European conflict before the twentieth century was A) the Thirty Years' War. B) the Seven Years' War. C) the Hundred Years' War. D) the Franco-Prussian War. E) the War of the Spanish Succession.

A

Galileo's discoveries would not have been possible without A) the telescope. B) the printing press. C) the astrolabe. D) the development of calculus. E) All these answers are correct.

A

Ignatius Loyola was instrumental in A) creating the Society of Jesus. B) calling together the Council of Trent. C) making astronomical discoveries that called into question the Ptolemaic universe. D) the formation of Spanish absolutism. E) claiming the Philippines for Spain.

A

Martin Luther's criticism of the Roman Catholic church was greatly aided by A) the printing press. B) the enthusiastic support of clergy in the Catholic church. C) local newspapers. D) active guilds and artisans. E) All these answers are correct.

A

One reason for the hysterical witch hunts of the sixteenth century was that A) the conflicts of the Reformation contributed to a climate of suspicion and violence. B) unusual natural phenomena suggested supernatural causes. C) desperate people turned to magic to try to improve their lives. D) new texts claimed scientific evidence of witchcraft. E) All these answers are correct.

A

The Council that helped define and advance the Catholic Reformation took place in A) Trent. B) Pisa. C) Wittenberg. D) Rome. E) Milan.

A

The population of Europe grew dramatically in the seventeenth century because of A) improved nutrition, with new American food crops. B) new agricultural technology, which increased output. C) the development of the first immunizations for smallpox and plague. D) improved public health and sanitation. E) All these answers are correct.

A

The theory of universal gravity is associated with A) Isaac Newton. B) Galileo Galilei. C) Denis Diderot. D) Nicolaus Copernicus. E) Johannes Kepler.

A

The usual victims of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century witch hunts were women, but what other characteristic did they share? A) a marginalized position in society. B) a religious threat to the local parish. C) advocacy of women's rights. D) a belief in witchcraft.

A

Which of the following factors was NOT one of the reasons for Charles V's failure to build a centralized, sovereign state in the Holy Roman Empire? A) frequent invasions by England B) internal religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics C) external pressure from the French D) German nobles who refused to bend to Charles's will E) external pressure from the Ottomans

A

Who said, "I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one's conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other"? A) Martin Luther B) Jesus C) John Calvin D) Sima Qian E) Henry VIII

A

According to the divine-right theory of government, A) power and authority are based on a contract between the sovereign and his citizens. B) the king derives his authority from God alone and is not accountable to his subjects. C) the king has a divine mandate to serve his people well; if he violates that trust then he can be overthrown. D) the people and the state exist only to enrich the sovereign. E) God is the real sovereign, and the church represents his authority in earthly matters.

B

By 1800, the population of Europe had risen to A) 81 million. B) 180 million. C) 240 million. D) 310 million. E) 350 million.

B

Henry VIII's reformation in England A) was based on the ideas of the Anabaptists. B) was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation. C) was inspired more by John Calvin's thought than by Luther's thought. D) made far more profound changes in theology than Luther's reformation did. E) ignored Luther and instead pushed for change within Catholic guidelines.

B

The event that inspired Henry VIII to confront the pope was A) Henry's frustration with the pope's inability to bring about church reform. B) Henry's desire to gain a divorce. C) Henry's desire to unify all of Europe for a new round of crusades. D) Henry's belief that the pope was secretly backing the French in the latest war. E) a new English translation of the Bible.

B

The first great philosophical proponent of capitalism was A) Voltaire. B) Adam Smith. C) Montesquieu. D) Isaac Newton. E) Francis Bacon.

B

What was Martin Luther's original issue when he objected to the Catholic Church? A) a vernacular Bible. B) the sale of indulgences. C) the display of relics. D) priestly authority.

B

What was the principle work of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)? A) to expose witches and heretics B) to be disciplined, educated representatives of the church throughout the world C) to be soldiers for Jesus in the battle against Protestants D) to direct the court of the Inquisition on behalf of the pope E) to raise money for the church by selling indulgences

B

Which of the following was NOT one of the policies pursued by Louis XIV? A) the maintenance of a huge standing army B) an attempt to make the nobles an active part of the government C) use of the more dependable middle class as officials D) the creation of the palace at Versailles E) the promotion of economic development

B

Which of the following was NOT part of Charles V's holdings? A) Austria B) England C) the Netherlands D) Hungary E) Spain

B

Why was Charles V ultimately unable to strengthen the Holy Roman Empire? A) He was an inept ruler who depended upon his ministers. B) He was confronted with religious and political problems. C) The Holy Roman Empire was too loosely connected. D) He was Spanish and the Empire was German.

B

Louis XIV managed to control the nobles of France and their activities by A) crushing the most powerful nobles in a civil war early in his reign. B) heavily taxing the nobles' estates so they could no longer fund private armies. C) requiring the nobility to live at Versailles where he could distract them and keep an eye on them. D) appointing hundreds of new nobles from the merchant class, who were loyal to him. E) All these answers are correct.

C

Of the following statements, which one is most accurate in regards to constitutional states? A) Constitutional monarchs must follow the rules of a written constitution. B) Constitutional monarchs must be sole rulers. C) Constitutional monarchs must share power with a representative body. D) Constitutional monarchs base their power on divine right.

C

The Spanish Inquisition relied on religious justifications to advance what political end? A) increasing the revenues for the Spanish crown B) raising a vast army for Spain C) discouraging the Spanish nobles from adopting Protestantism D) crushing a suspected Muslim rebellion E) None of these answers are correct.

C

The Spanish Inquisition was first established in 1478 by A) Charles V. B) Don Carlos. C) Fernando and Isabel. D) Philip II. E) Philip III.

C

The most important consequence of the Peace of Westphalia was A) laying the foundation for English control of most of the world. B) combining the Spanish and French thrones. C) promoting the notion that the European nations viewed each other as sovereign and equal. D) ending the carnage of the Seven Years' War. E) establishing an Anglo-French alliance that would last until World War I.

C

The reforms of Peter I included all of the following EXCEPT A) offering better pay for peasants who served for life as professional soldiers. B) forcing his subjects to adopt western European fashions. C) forming a council of nobles to advise him on how best to improve the lives of serfs. D) building the city of St. Petersburg to serve as a base of naval operations. E) providing extensive training and modern weapons to soldiers.

C

Who benefited most from the religious controversy generated by the Reformation? A) the people, because they had religious freedom B) the peasants, because they were able to leave the estates and move into the cities C) centralizing monarchs, because they gained more independent authority D) the Catholic church, because it gained more committed supporters E) the Islamic empires, because Europe was divided and weakened

C

Catherine the Great's attempts at reform in Russia were essentially ended by A) the Great Northern War. B) the "Time of Troubles." C) the English Civil War. D) Pugachev's Rebellion. E) the Old Beliefs schism.

D

In response to the challenges raised by the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic church A) launched a military campaign against the German states. B) abandoned its monasteries in Germany. C) abandoned the practice of selling indulgences. D) summoned a council to clarify doctrine and strengthen their spiritual commitment. E) All these answers are correct.

D

Ninety-five percent of the condemned witches were A) men. B) Catholics. C) Protestants. D) women. E) Muslims.

D

That planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular, was demonstrated by A) Galileo. B) Voltaire. C) Newton. D) Kepler. E) Descartes.

D

The Council of Trent A) rooted out the Arian heresy. B) successfully reached a compromise in the early Protestant movement between Luther and Calvin. C) played a key role in Henry VIII's break with the Catholic church. D) took steps to reform the Catholic church. E) launched the witch-hunts of the sixteenth century.

D

The Thirty Years' War began when A) the pope tried to force his subjects to return to the Catholic church. B) Elizabeth I attempted to force Protestantism on Spain. C) Charles V attempted to imprison Martin Luther. D) the Holy Roman emperor tried to force his Bohemian subjects to return to Catholicism. E) Louis XIV invaded the Low Countries.

D

The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was A) John Calvin. B) Erasmus. C) Voltaire. D) Martin Luther. E) Henry VIII.

D

The explosion of witch-hunting in the sixteenth century was most probably caused by A) a dramatic increase in the practice of demonology. B) the publication of Copernicus's theories. C) the conquest of Spain by Islamic forces. D) tensions between Catholics and Protestants. E) the fear caused by the prominent role that women were increasingly playing in the Catholic church.

D

The system by which unfinished materials were delivered to rural households for production was known as the A) guild system. B) joint-stock company system. C) union system. D) putting-out system. E) countryside system.

D

To what purpose was the Council of Trent convened? A) the sale of indulgences. B) celibacy in priests. C) as opposition to the Protestant Reformation. D) all of the above.

D

What political motivation encouraged the spread of Protestantism? A) Protestantism provided people an opportunity to overthrow monarchies. B) Protestantism encouraged people to claim their individual rights. C) Protestantism encouraged militarism in European nations. D) Protestantism provided monarchs an opportunity to break away from the political domination of Rome. E) All these answers are correct.

D

Which of the following conflicts is the largest war to unfold in the wake of the Peace of Westphalia? A) the English Civil War B) the Thirty Years' War C) the Hundred Years' War D) the Seven Years' War E) the Glorious Revolution

D

Charles V was the A) pope who called the Council of Trent to address abuses in the Catholic church. B) Spanish king who attempted to invade England in 1588. C) English king who broke with the Catholic church for political reasons. D) Portuguese leader who supported exploration down Africa's west coast. E) leader who tried, but failed, to centralize authority in the Holy Roman Empire.

E

Charles V was unable to forge a united empire for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that A) the Lutheran challenge sapped much of his attention. B) French kings undermined his efforts and allied themselves with his enemies. C) there was no central administration to the empire; each state was governed separately. D) his empire was geographically fragmented. E) he alienated the pope for failing to crush Luther.

E

Martin Luther's work had enthusiastic popular support because A) he attacked the sale of indulgences that the poor could not afford. B) many Christians shared his concern about the corruption of the church. C) many German princes saw this as a way to break away from the church. D) he supported the translation of the Bible from Latin into the vernacular languages. E) All these answers are correct.

E

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was written by A) Ptolemy. B) Galileo Galilei. C) Isaac Newton. D) Jonathan Swift. E) Nicolaus Copernicus.

E

Seventeenth-century constitutional monarchies were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT A) representational institutions such as Parliament. B) a system of shared authority. C) state support for maritime trade and international commerce. D) recognition of individual rights. E) the election of the monarch by the merchant class.

E

The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the A) need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. B) threat posed by Islam. C) need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. D) expense associated with translating original Greek classics. E) need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's basilica.

E

The Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, ensured that A) Germany remained fragmented. B) the nations of Europe would no longer go to war over religion. C) each nation was permitted to direct its own internal affairs. D) the balance of power was the new principle of European diplomacy. E) All these answers are correct.

E

The fundamental principle of diplomacy in early modern Europe was A) French domination. B) the Auld Alliance. C) raison d'etat. D) the Anglo-French alliance. E) the balance of power.

E

The individual associated with the phrase "l'état, c'est moi" was A) Charles V. B) Philip II. C) Cardinal Richelieu. D) Charles I. E) Louis XIV.

E

The leader of England during the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was A) Henry VIII. B) Charles II. C) Mary I. D) James II. E) Elizabeth I.

E

The new monarchs were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT A) large centrally administered bureaucracies. B) standing professional armies. C) increased state revenues through taxes. D) enhanced power at the expense of the nobles. E) a commitment to individual liberty.

E

The putting-out system was profitable for all of the following groups EXCEPT the A) entrepreneurs who moved cloth production into the countryside. B) rural workers who did the spinning and weaving. C) consumers who bought the finished cloth. D) merchants and traders who shipped woolen cloth outside the country. E) guild members who specialized in specific elements of cloth production such as weaving or dying.

E

Versailles was the magnificent royal palace of A) Charles I. B) Frederick the Great. C) Peter the Great. D) Francis I. E) Louis XIV.

E

Which individual is incorrectly paired with a scientific discovery? A) Newton and the principle of gravity B) Kepler and the planetary orbits C) Galileo and the principle of inertia D) Copernicus and the sun-centered model of the universe E) Ptolemy and the moons of Jupiter

E

Which of the following states developed constitutional governments in the seventeenth century? A) England and France B) Spain and the Netherlands C) Russia and Italy D) the Netherlands and France E) England and the Netherlands

E

Which one of the following was NOT one of the pillars of the Catholic Reformation? A) the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas B) the Council of Trent C) the Society of Jesus D) the efforts of St. Ignatius Loyola E) the religious fervor of the Renaissance popes

E