Transcription and Translation quiz

There are this many amino acids.

20

What are the 4 bases of DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

In protein synthesis, information flows from

DNA to RNA to proteins

Explain how do DNA and RNA differ from each other.

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid. deoxyribose sugar stays in Nucleus RNA: ribonucleic acid contains a ribose sugar does not contain thymine -- contains uracil instead one less oxygen not a double helix made in nucleus and goes to cytoplasm

The sugar in DNA is called

Deoxyribose

Explain the roles that two RNA's have. (mRNA and tRNA)

mRNA -- code tRNA -- brings correct amino acid

Translation involves which nucleic acid(s)?

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

Here is one side of DNA: CCGTACT. What is the other side of the DNA?

GGCATGA

The enzyme that "unzips" DNA is

Helicase

DNA's nitrogen-containing bases are connected by weak ______ bonds.

Hydrogen

Identify type of the chemical bond that hold bases together.

Hydrogen bonds A and T have two C and G have three

Represent central dogma with the simple diagram.

Information flows in one direction -- DNA to RNA proteins 1.Replication copies DNA 2. Transcription converts DNA message into intermediate molecule called RNA 3. Translation interprets RNA message into amino acids (polypeptide). Single polypeptide or many come together to make protein

Transcription makes 3 types of RNA:

Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA

What are the first and last amino acids for the following codons: AUGCAAGGCUGA

Methionine, Stop

Identify which kind of molecules make up any protein.

Monomers -- smaller subunits -- amino acids

Explain how term double helix relate to DNA molecule.

Nucleotides are attached together to form two long strands that spiral to create a structure called a double helix. In a ladder, the phosphate and sugar molecules would be the sides, while the bases would be the rungs. Each chromosome contains a single DNA molecule. Double Helix IS DNA molecule

In humans, where does DNA replication take place?

Nucleus

What 3 parts make up a nucleotide?

Phosphate Group Deoxyribose Nitrogen-Containing Base

The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the DNA chain is

Polymerase

What is the tRNA strand for this mRNA strand: AUGCCAUAC

UACGGUAUG

The base that is different in RNA is

Uracil

Identify nucleotide as basic functional unit of DNA and three main parts of the nucleotide.

a nitrogenous base: cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) or thymine (T) a five-carbon sugar molecule (deoxyribose in the case of DNA) a phosphate molecule.

DNA replication results in two DNA molecules

each with 1 new strand & 1 original strand

If 3 nucleotides (bases) code for 1 amino acid, calculate how many amino acids would be in a protein coded by mRNA with 300 nucleotides.

100 300 / 3

Explain how are the process of replication and transcription similar.

-Untwist DNA and split it -Put complimentary bases together -Happen in nucleus

Diagram steps of DNA replication.

1. DNA molecule unzips as nucleotide base pairs separate. Replication begins on both strands of molecule at the same time 2. Existing strands of DNA are the template for a new strand. Free floating nucleotides pair up with the exposed bases on each template strand. DNA polymerases bond nucleotides together to form new strands. 3. Two identical double stranded DNA molecules result from replication. DNA replication is semiconservative. Each DNA molecule has original and new strand

Which base complementary pairs break more easily and result in mutation?

A & T because they are bound by two hydrogen bonds.

Identify base sequence to be paired with the sequence TGACTA.

ACTGAT

What are the first three nucleotides of the mRNA strand of this DNA strand: TAGAGTC

AUC

Explain how nucleotides (bases) form pairs. (base pairing rule)

Base Pairing Rule. Purine bases bond to pyrimidine bases. This happens because the shapes of purine and pyrimidine bases allow hydrogen bonds to form between the two. The base pairing rule states that adenine pairs only with thymine and guanine pairs only with cytosine.

The main difference between the four nucleotides that make up DNA is that they have different...

Bases

Explain the job of translation.

Converts/translates mRNA into a polypeptide

Replication involves what nucleic acid(s)?

DNA only

What stores information in a cell?

DNA

Transcription involves which nucleic acid(s)?

DNA and mRNA

Explain why DNA transcription occurs in the nucleus.

DNA cannot leave the nucleus

Explain Chargoff's rule.

DNA from any cell of any organisms should have a 1:1 ratio (base Pair Rule) of pyrimidine and purine bases The amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to thymine.

RNA is __________ than DNA

Smaller

Explain the difference between start codon and stop codon.

Start codon signal the start of translation and the amino acid methionine while Stop codons signal the end of the amino acid chain.

Explain the difference in outcomes between replication and transcription.

The outcome of replication is two identical molecules of DNA The outcome of transcription is mRNA

Identify two bases that are purines and explain how are they alike.

The purines in DNA are adenine and guanine, the same as in RNA. Purines are larger than pyrimidines because they have a two-ring structure while pyrimidines only have a single ring

Identify two bases that are pyrimidines and explain how are they alike.

The pyrimidines in DNA are cytosine and thymine; in RNA, they are cytosine and uracil. Two rings

Explain why there are four different types of nucleotides in DNA molecule and what are they.

There are four different bases and thus four different nucleotides that can be incorporated into DNA. The four bases are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine The bases make different codes which code for different proteins

Codon

Three Nucleotide code

What was suggested by Chargaff's rules?

Thymine = Adenine Guanine = Cytosine

Interpret the word transcribe and how it relates to DNA.

To copy, DNA becomes template

Explain the purpose of DNA replication.

To produce two identical copies of a DNA molecule. This is essential for cell division during growth or repair of damaged tissues. DNA replication ensures that each new cell receives its own copy of the DNA.

Recognize function of enzyme DNA Polymerase.

To synthesize DNA from deoxyribonucleotides. The DNA copies are created by the pairing of nucleotides to bases present on each strand of the original DNA molecule. Helps to replicate, put the nucleotides together to make the chain.