Types of Fungal Spores
Brown and red algae
-both multicellular
Phylum Oomycota
-water molds -cellulose cell walls
Protozoan Asexual Life Cycles
1. Binary fission (compare: bacteria; fission yeast) 2. Budding (compare: most yeasts) 3. Schizogony (multiple nuclear replications followed by multiple cytokinesis events to surround each nucleus with cytoplasm). Compare: Microspora Trophozoite is the growing form, analogous to "vegetative" bacterial cells. Cysts form under adverse environmental conditions. Compare: bacterial endospores. However, unlike most bacterial endospores, cyst production can be replicative in that >1 cyst is produced by a single trophozoite.
Phylum Apicomplexa
All are Obligate Intracellular Parasites =Also called sporozoans, these contain a specialized organelle (apical complex) for the dissolution of host cell membranes, allowing entry and intracellular growth. Most are nonmotile, obligate intracellular parasites.
Phylum Amoebozoa
Amorphous cell shape; move not by flagella but by extending portions of the cytoplasm (pseudopods) using cytoskeletal filamentous proteins. This type of movement is also called cytoplasmic streaming.
Talaromyces
An ascomycete, or sac fungus
Kingdom Protozoa
Are unicellular eukaryotes -Similar to fungi, nearly all are chemoheterotrophs. -most are obligately aerobic,
Algae
As photoautotrophs, they provide carbon fixation into carbohydrate. ~80% of the earth's oxygen is produced by planktonic (floating, nonattached) algae rather than by terrestrial plants.
Phyla Metamonada and Parabasala
Flagellated cells which lack mitochondria, but some have simpler organellar structures for aerobic respiration. Many of the pathogens in these phyla have a cyst stage, but some do not and must be transferred by direct contact (T. vaginalis). Examples: Chilomastix spp., Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis
Algae
Freshwater or marine eukaryotic photoautotrophs -Not plants -lack differential tissues -Single-celled algae are haploid
Phylum Euglenozoa
Genus Euglena: flagellated, photoautotrophic protozoa
Phylum Ciliophora
Motile ciliates with a haploid macronucleus and a haploid micronucleus Paramecium spp. Human pathogen Balantidium coli causes a severe diarrhea.
Slime Molds
Protozoa with a Multicellular Life Cycle Phase - A major life cycle characteristic is the formation of a giant, multinucleated cell (plasmodium) by schizogony.
Phylum Bacillariophyta: Diatoms
Single-celled or filamentous algae with cell walls made of pectin (a polysaccharide also found in fruit) and silica (silicon polymer) Single-celled types have unique cell walls which are used for identification. Use energy derived from photosynthesis to make and store oils in intracellular vacuoles. A source of petroleum. Some produce the neurotoxin domoic acid
Phylum Dinoflagellata: Dinoflagellates
Unicellular algae with some cellulose in the plasma membrane (not quite a full cell wall). -energy reserves stored as starch -"Red tide" is a bloom (outgrowth) of marine dinoflagellates which causes the accumulation of algal neurotoxins in shellfish, which are dinoflagellate consumers
a surface structure through which waste is excreted from the cell via exocytosis.
anal pore
mold identification
anatomical features
Rhizopus
bread mold
Yeasts reproduce by
budding
fungi
chemoheterotrophs
Phylum Microspora
chronic diarrhea or conjunctivitis
Basidiomycetes
club fungi
basidium
commonly called a "mushroom", which releases haploid basidiospores following meiosis.
Entamoeba histolytica
cyst-forming pathogen of the human colon, binds intestinal epithelial cells and produces a cytotoxin which causes cell lysis, tissue necrosis, and amoebic dysentery. Trophozoite amoebae phagocytose cells and cell fragments for food.
Many protozoa have specialized surface structures for food uptake, including a cellular mouth-like opening called
cytostome for phagocytosis or endocytosis
yeast multiply by
fission
Blastoconidiospore
formed as a bud from a differentiated hyphal stalk, the pseudohypha.
Arthrospore
formed by hyphal fragmentation
prefer more acidic conditions
fungus
Phylum Chlorophyta
green algae -uni or multicellular -cell walls made of cellulose -energy reserve as a non-starch glucose polymer
hyphae
individual filaments of mycelium
Mycelium
macroscopic collection of multicellular filaments of mold
Plasmodium vivax
malaria
Fungal Infections
mycosis/mycoses
vegetative
normal growth
Plasmodial slime molds
normally exist as a giant, multinucleated, diploid cell. Under nutrient-poor conditions, differentiation into sporulating structures produces gametes for the sexual reproduction cycle
Balamuthia spp.,
occasionally cause opportunistic, fatal brain abscesses in immunocompromised people. These protozoa can be contracted while swimming in untreated fresh water.
Many protozoa have a protein covering
pellicle
red algae
produce the polysaccharide agar.
Brown algae
produce the polysaccharide algin, a food thickener.
fission
producing two equal-sized daughter cells similar to the binary fission process of bacteria
Cellular slime molds
reproduce asexually. Single-celled existence is normal under favorable growth conditions. Differentiation into a multicellular structure for the production of asexual spores occurs under nutrient-poor conditions.
A zygomycete
sexual stage produces a large, diploid zygote cell called a zygospore, which subsequently produces haploid sexual spores by meiosis and then mitosis
Chlamydospore
spore develops from within the hypha
aerial
spore-forming growth
Sporangiospore
spores are enclosed in a globular sac structure, the sporangium/a
Conidiospore
spores on individual stalk structures but not enclosed in a sac
Mycology
study of fungi
Yeasts
unicellular fungi
fungus optimal pH
~5 pH