Types of Fungal Spores

Brown and red algae

-both multicellular

Phylum Oomycota

-water molds -cellulose cell walls

Protozoan Asexual Life Cycles

1. Binary fission (compare: bacteria; fission yeast) 2. Budding (compare: most yeasts) 3. Schizogony (multiple nuclear replications followed by multiple cytokinesis events to surround each nucleus with cytoplasm). Compare: Microspora Trophozoite is the growing form, analogous to "vegetative" bacterial cells. Cysts form under adverse environmental conditions. Compare: bacterial endospores. However, unlike most bacterial endospores, cyst production can be replicative in that >1 cyst is produced by a single trophozoite.

Phylum Apicomplexa

All are Obligate Intracellular Parasites =Also called sporozoans, these contain a specialized organelle (apical complex) for the dissolution of host cell membranes, allowing entry and intracellular growth. Most are nonmotile, obligate intracellular parasites.

Phylum Amoebozoa

Amorphous cell shape; move not by flagella but by extending portions of the cytoplasm (pseudopods) using cytoskeletal filamentous proteins. This type of movement is also called cytoplasmic streaming.

Talaromyces

An ascomycete, or sac fungus

Kingdom Protozoa

Are unicellular eukaryotes -Similar to fungi, nearly all are chemoheterotrophs. -most are obligately aerobic,

Algae

As photoautotrophs, they provide carbon fixation into carbohydrate. ~80% of the earth's oxygen is produced by planktonic (floating, nonattached) algae rather than by terrestrial plants.

Phyla Metamonada and Parabasala

Flagellated cells which lack mitochondria, but some have simpler organellar structures for aerobic respiration. Many of the pathogens in these phyla have a cyst stage, but some do not and must be transferred by direct contact (T. vaginalis). Examples: Chilomastix spp., Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis

Algae

Freshwater or marine eukaryotic photoautotrophs -Not plants -lack differential tissues -Single-celled algae are haploid

Phylum Euglenozoa

Genus Euglena: flagellated, photoautotrophic protozoa

Phylum Ciliophora

Motile ciliates with a haploid macronucleus and a haploid micronucleus Paramecium spp. Human pathogen Balantidium coli causes a severe diarrhea.

Slime Molds

Protozoa with a Multicellular Life Cycle Phase - A major life cycle characteristic is the formation of a giant, multinucleated cell (plasmodium) by schizogony.

Phylum Bacillariophyta: Diatoms

Single-celled or filamentous algae with cell walls made of pectin (a polysaccharide also found in fruit) and silica (silicon polymer) Single-celled types have unique cell walls which are used for identification. Use energy derived from photosynthesis to make and store oils in intracellular vacuoles. A source of petroleum. Some produce the neurotoxin domoic acid

Phylum Dinoflagellata: Dinoflagellates

Unicellular algae with some cellulose in the plasma membrane (not quite a full cell wall). -energy reserves stored as starch -"Red tide" is a bloom (outgrowth) of marine dinoflagellates which causes the accumulation of algal neurotoxins in shellfish, which are dinoflagellate consumers

a surface structure through which waste is excreted from the cell via exocytosis.

anal pore

mold identification

anatomical features

Rhizopus

bread mold

Yeasts reproduce by

budding

fungi

chemoheterotrophs

Phylum Microspora

chronic diarrhea or conjunctivitis

Basidiomycetes

club fungi

basidium

commonly called a "mushroom", which releases haploid basidiospores following meiosis.

Entamoeba histolytica

cyst-forming pathogen of the human colon, binds intestinal epithelial cells and produces a cytotoxin which causes cell lysis, tissue necrosis, and amoebic dysentery. Trophozoite amoebae phagocytose cells and cell fragments for food.

Many protozoa have specialized surface structures for food uptake, including a cellular mouth-like opening called

cytostome for phagocytosis or endocytosis

yeast multiply by

fission

Blastoconidiospore

formed as a bud from a differentiated hyphal stalk, the pseudohypha.

Arthrospore

formed by hyphal fragmentation

prefer more acidic conditions

fungus

Phylum Chlorophyta

green algae -uni or multicellular -cell walls made of cellulose -energy reserve as a non-starch glucose polymer

hyphae

individual filaments of mycelium

Mycelium

macroscopic collection of multicellular filaments of mold

Plasmodium vivax

malaria

Fungal Infections

mycosis/mycoses

vegetative

normal growth

Plasmodial slime molds

normally exist as a giant, multinucleated, diploid cell. Under nutrient-poor conditions, differentiation into sporulating structures produces gametes for the sexual reproduction cycle

Balamuthia spp.,

occasionally cause opportunistic, fatal brain abscesses in immunocompromised people. These protozoa can be contracted while swimming in untreated fresh water.

Many protozoa have a protein covering

pellicle

red algae

produce the polysaccharide agar.

Brown algae

produce the polysaccharide algin, a food thickener.

fission

producing two equal-sized daughter cells similar to the binary fission process of bacteria

Cellular slime molds

reproduce asexually. Single-celled existence is normal under favorable growth conditions. Differentiation into a multicellular structure for the production of asexual spores occurs under nutrient-poor conditions.

A zygomycete

sexual stage produces a large, diploid zygote cell called a zygospore, which subsequently produces haploid sexual spores by meiosis and then mitosis

Chlamydospore

spore develops from within the hypha

aerial

spore-forming growth

Sporangiospore

spores are enclosed in a globular sac structure, the sporangium/a

Conidiospore

spores on individual stalk structures but not enclosed in a sac

Mycology

study of fungi

Yeasts

unicellular fungi

fungus optimal pH

~5 pH