UARK Physiology Module 12
______ dissolves in plasma
10%
What is the temperature of air in the respiratory zone?
37 degrees
______ is converted to HCO3- where we get the hydrogen ions that alter pH levels
60-65%
Range for pH of blood
7.35-7.45
atmospheric pressure at sea level is
760 mmHg
In the upper airway:
air comes in and travels to larynx (where vocal cords are)
______ is higher than blood, so oxygen diffuses from alveoli into plasma. high to low concentrations
alveolar Po2
what does the airway end in?
alveolar sacs
respiratory acidosis
arterial H+ concentration increased due to carbon dioxide
all pressures are relative to
atmospheric pressure (Patm)
oxyhemoglobin
binding oxygen with hemoglobin
carbon dioxide binds on the hemoglobin to form
carbaminohemoglobin
Volume of lungs is made to change through ______. An inversely proportional relationship between ______. (i.e. increasing V, reduces P and vice versa)
Boyle's Law; pressure and volume
Epithelial surfaces contain ______ that secrete mucus and keeps lungs clear of particulate matter
cilia
intra-alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary) changes to
drive the movement of air
conducting zone
everything else
air in alveoli gets compressed as lungs become smaller, air moves out, Palv > Patm
expiration
motor neurons decrease action potentials to diaphragm and intercostals, muscles relax
expiration
movement of air from alveoli to external environment
expiration
passive movement of lungs
expiration
gas exchange
external respiration and internal respiration
type I alveolar cells
flat epithelial cells forming a continuous layer
hyperventilation
high pH, cause of respiratory alkalosis alveolar ventilation too fast low CO2
transpulmonary pressure
holding lungs open; Ptp = Palv - Pip
partial pressures
individual pressure that sum up to the total pressure of the mixture
Movement of air from external environment into alveoli of the lungs
inspiration
active movement of lungs
inspiration
enlarging thoracic cavity allows lungs to enlarge and cause increase in size of alveoli
inspiration
initiated by motor neurons firing action potentials into intercostal muscles and diaphragm, diaphragm contracts
inspiration
Heme
iron containing pigment
hypoventilation
low pH, cause of respiratory acidosis alveolar ventilation can't keep up because its too slow high CO2
Difference in pressure allows
lungs to stick to the chest wall which keeps them in place
H+ in large amounts changes
pH
dust and other foreign contaminants that stick to mucus in the conducting zone
particulates
lungs
passive, elastic structures whose volume fluctuates
Dalton's Law
pressure each gas exerts is independent of the pressure of other gases
Boyle's law
pressure in alveoli (intrapulmonary) decreases below atmospheric-air will move from atmosphere to alveoli, high to low pressures
intrapleural pressure
pressure in pleural space, Pip
deoxyhemoglobin
produced when oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen
Respiration includes:
pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange
The size of the surface area of alveoli in contact with capillaries is big which allows for
quick diffusion
input from the receptors modifies ______ so these variables remain constant
rate and depth of breathing
peripheral chemoreceptor
responding to changes in H+ concentrations
alveoli
sites of gas exchange within the blood
type II alveolar cells
specialized cells that produce surfactant
The main function of the respiratory system is to ________ generated by ______
supply the body tissues with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide; cellular metabolism
What affects the movement of oxygen on the hemoglobin to the tissues (unloading)?
systemic cells low Po2 moves out of capillaries lower pH or higher temps decrease affinity
volume in lungs depends on
the difference in pressure inside and outside of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation
the exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli
the alveoli are
tiny, hollow sacs supplied by capillaries
CO2 is a
waste product
inspiration
when muscles contract in the chest wall and the chest expands
alkalosis
when plasma H+ concentration decreases, pH rises above 7.4
acidosis
when plasma H+ concentration increases, pH drops below 7.4
respiratory zone
where the gas exchange happens
it produces
H+ which gives it a toxicity
what affects the movement of oxygen to the hemoglobin (loading)?
High Po2 and affinity for pulmonary to capillaries
alveoli pressure is shown as
Palv
expiration is when
Palv is greater than Patm
inspiration is when
Palv is less than Patm
peripheral chemoreceptors indirectly affects ventilation by affecting sensitivity to ______, ______ follows changes
Pco2; Po2
partial pressure of O2 is written as
Po2
cells obtain more O2 by activity; during exercise, more O2 is used, decreasing tissue ______, this increases blood to tissue ______ gradient
Po2; Po2
respiratory alkalosis
decreased arterial Pco2 and H+ concentration
this induces
diffusion of oxygen to erythrocytes
what are the two forms of oxygen in blood?
dissolved in plasma and erythrocyte cytosol and combined with hemoglobin molecules in erythrocyte
respiratory rhythm generated in ______. Same location for major cardio control centers
medulla oblongata
the carotid bodies are strategically located to
monitor oxygen supply to the brain
breathing depends on these muscle movements, especially diaphragm
motor neurons
internal respiration
movement of O2 from blood into tissue cells; CO2 from cells into blood
external respiration
movement of O2 from lungs into blood; CO2 from blood to lungs
expiration
muscles relax and recoil and drives passive expiration back out
The respiratory system is located between the
neck and diaphragm