UARK Physiology Module 12

______ dissolves in plasma

10%

What is the temperature of air in the respiratory zone?

37 degrees

______ is converted to HCO3- where we get the hydrogen ions that alter pH levels

60-65%

Range for pH of blood

7.35-7.45

atmospheric pressure at sea level is

760 mmHg

In the upper airway:

air comes in and travels to larynx (where vocal cords are)

______ is higher than blood, so oxygen diffuses from alveoli into plasma. high to low concentrations

alveolar Po2

what does the airway end in?

alveolar sacs

respiratory acidosis

arterial H+ concentration increased due to carbon dioxide

all pressures are relative to

atmospheric pressure (Patm)

oxyhemoglobin

binding oxygen with hemoglobin

carbon dioxide binds on the hemoglobin to form

carbaminohemoglobin

Volume of lungs is made to change through ______. An inversely proportional relationship between ______. (i.e. increasing V, reduces P and vice versa)

Boyle's Law; pressure and volume

Epithelial surfaces contain ______ that secrete mucus and keeps lungs clear of particulate matter

cilia

intra-alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary) changes to

drive the movement of air

conducting zone

everything else

air in alveoli gets compressed as lungs become smaller, air moves out, Palv > Patm

expiration

motor neurons decrease action potentials to diaphragm and intercostals, muscles relax

expiration

movement of air from alveoli to external environment

expiration

passive movement of lungs

expiration

gas exchange

external respiration and internal respiration

type I alveolar cells

flat epithelial cells forming a continuous layer

hyperventilation

high pH, cause of respiratory alkalosis alveolar ventilation too fast low CO2

transpulmonary pressure

holding lungs open; Ptp = Palv - Pip

partial pressures

individual pressure that sum up to the total pressure of the mixture

Movement of air from external environment into alveoli of the lungs

inspiration

active movement of lungs

inspiration

enlarging thoracic cavity allows lungs to enlarge and cause increase in size of alveoli

inspiration

initiated by motor neurons firing action potentials into intercostal muscles and diaphragm, diaphragm contracts

inspiration

Heme

iron containing pigment

hypoventilation

low pH, cause of respiratory acidosis alveolar ventilation can't keep up because its too slow high CO2

Difference in pressure allows

lungs to stick to the chest wall which keeps them in place

H+ in large amounts changes

pH

dust and other foreign contaminants that stick to mucus in the conducting zone

particulates

lungs

passive, elastic structures whose volume fluctuates

Dalton's Law

pressure each gas exerts is independent of the pressure of other gases

Boyle's law

pressure in alveoli (intrapulmonary) decreases below atmospheric-air will move from atmosphere to alveoli, high to low pressures

intrapleural pressure

pressure in pleural space, Pip

deoxyhemoglobin

produced when oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen

Respiration includes:

pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange

The size of the surface area of alveoli in contact with capillaries is big which allows for

quick diffusion

input from the receptors modifies ______ so these variables remain constant

rate and depth of breathing

peripheral chemoreceptor

responding to changes in H+ concentrations

alveoli

sites of gas exchange within the blood

type II alveolar cells

specialized cells that produce surfactant

The main function of the respiratory system is to ________ generated by ______

supply the body tissues with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide; cellular metabolism

What affects the movement of oxygen on the hemoglobin to the tissues (unloading)?

systemic cells low Po2 moves out of capillaries lower pH or higher temps decrease affinity

volume in lungs depends on

the difference in pressure inside and outside of the lungs

pulmonary ventilation

the exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli

the alveoli are

tiny, hollow sacs supplied by capillaries

CO2 is a

waste product

inspiration

when muscles contract in the chest wall and the chest expands

alkalosis

when plasma H+ concentration decreases, pH rises above 7.4

acidosis

when plasma H+ concentration increases, pH drops below 7.4

respiratory zone

where the gas exchange happens

it produces

H+ which gives it a toxicity

what affects the movement of oxygen to the hemoglobin (loading)?

High Po2 and affinity for pulmonary to capillaries

alveoli pressure is shown as

Palv

expiration is when

Palv is greater than Patm

inspiration is when

Palv is less than Patm

peripheral chemoreceptors indirectly affects ventilation by affecting sensitivity to ______, ______ follows changes

Pco2; Po2

partial pressure of O2 is written as

Po2

cells obtain more O2 by activity; during exercise, more O2 is used, decreasing tissue ______, this increases blood to tissue ______ gradient

Po2; Po2

respiratory alkalosis

decreased arterial Pco2 and H+ concentration

this induces

diffusion of oxygen to erythrocytes

what are the two forms of oxygen in blood?

dissolved in plasma and erythrocyte cytosol and combined with hemoglobin molecules in erythrocyte

respiratory rhythm generated in ______. Same location for major cardio control centers

medulla oblongata

the carotid bodies are strategically located to

monitor oxygen supply to the brain

breathing depends on these muscle movements, especially diaphragm

motor neurons

internal respiration

movement of O2 from blood into tissue cells; CO2 from cells into blood

external respiration

movement of O2 from lungs into blood; CO2 from blood to lungs

expiration

muscles relax and recoil and drives passive expiration back out

The respiratory system is located between the

neck and diaphragm