Uark Sociology Exam 2 (chapters 4-6)
Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.
Gemeinschaft
Which of these sociologists first suggested that small groups have interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups?
Georg Simmel
Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values
Gesellschaft
Social psychologist __________ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity.
Irving janis
Which of these statements about social networks is false?
Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.
Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?
Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists? how do we know how to interact in a given situation?
Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________.
a self-fulfilling prophecy
When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, "Hi, I'm Matt. I'll be taking care of you today." This is an example of __________.
a social script
Which of these is the best example of a secondary group?
a sociology class
Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and—if he lives long enough—will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered __________ statuses.
ascribed
In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, __________ leaders may be commended for their decisive actions. In other situations, however, they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.
authoritarian
Most government, business, education, and religious organizations are __________ in form.
bureaucratic
A(n) __________ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender).
category
The least amount of interaction between members occurs in a(n) __________.
category
sociologist Erving Goffman's term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.
civil inattention
__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.
conflict
From the __________ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.
conflict
__________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.
conflict
Sociologists refer to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as __________.
conformity
We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.
definition of the situation
Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both________________________.
developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies
In which of these types of groups is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group?
dyad
According to _____________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking?
ethnomethodologists
__________ leadership provides emotional support for members.
expressive
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.
feeling rules
A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.
formal organization
Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.
front stage
__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.
functionalist
__________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.
functionalists
__________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.
groupthink
A school district is run by a board of elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who in turn selects principals for its schools and other administrative staff. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of __________.
hierarchy of authority
Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?
homeless
Which of these is an example of an achieved status?
husband
__________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies.
industrial societies
__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal.
instrumental
__________ needs cannot always be met by one person, so being in a group enables one to complete tasks or fulfill a specific goal.
instrumental
People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this.
interaction order
Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group?
interactions are emotion-based
All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________.
it is not essential for individual well-being
A teacher gives students ideas for an assignment, but encourages them to be creative and pick their own subject and format. The teacher is using a(n) _________ leadership style.
laissez-faire
The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. He chooses to take a passive approach to this problem, hoping that it will fix itself. This particular supervisor is exhibiting which style of leadership?
laissez-faire
At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.
macro level
Media stories that focus on the lack of education or work history among the homeless and not on structural factors such as economic recession or the lack of affordable housing fail to account for the __________ of the situation.
macro view
Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________ status.
master
One's occupation is an indicator of level of education and income and may also reflect family background. In the United States, occupation is an important determinant of social position. This makes occupation a likely __________ status.
master
The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________.
may be more common than most people would like to believe
Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
mechanical solidarity
Maintaining eye contact during conversation is_____________________________.
more common for women than men
Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are examples of __________ organizations.
normative
__________ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.
obedience
What do most men consider to be their master status?
occupation
The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed __________.
oligarchy
The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence
organic solidarity
The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.
organic solidarity
A(n) __________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.
outgroup
In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that__________________.
people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group
Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast-food restaurant)?
postmodern theorists
To many __________, groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and depthlessness in social relationships.
postmodernists
Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They are an example of a(n) __________.
primary group
__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.
primary groups
All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________.
require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind
The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________.
role
A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.
role
Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him
role conflict
Recent research indicates that female student -athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of __________.
role conflict
When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.
role conflict
__________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.
role distancing
__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.
role exit
For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.
role performance
Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing __________.
role strain
Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to __________ for both men and women.
role strain
Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups.
secondary
Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
secondary group
Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.
social construction of reality
A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.
social institution
The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of __________.
social institutions
Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that______________________.
social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society
The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is __________.
social interaction
__________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.
social marginality
The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________.
social network
A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.
status
Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.
status set
The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.
stigma
Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________.
stigmas
Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.
studied nonobservance
In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that __________.
subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one‑third (33 percent) of the time
After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that __________.
the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure
Which of these is the best example of a primary group?
the people working together in the same department
In regard to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that __________.
this research raises some questions concerning research ethics
Which of these is not considered to be a social institution?
travel
A group composed of three members is termed a(n) __________.
triad
Almost __________ of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.
two-third
Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure?
value and beliefs
As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________.
what holds societies together?
(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
achieved
Occupation is an example of a(n) _______ status.
achieved
A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
achieved
A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender
ascribed
A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
ascribed
