UCSD PSYC 180 MIDTERM 2 HANES

Genital Herpes

- Genital herpes is caused by a large family of viruses with many different strains, some of which produce other, nonsexually transmitted diseases such as cold sores. - Three to five days after contact, itching and tingling can occur initially, followed by an eruption of painful sores and blisters --transmitted mainly by person who has present sores and kisses... has to be managed! - The virus can pass through nonlatex condoms as well as contraceptive foams and creams -It is estimated that approximately 20% of adolescents have genital herpes. --higher for emerging adults

Ethnic Differences in Intercourse in the US

- The proportion of high school students in grades 9-12 who had intercourse is: --Lowest for White adolescents (44%) -- Somewhat higher for Latino adolescents(49%) -- Highest for African American adolescents (61%) -Research has indicated that Asian Americans are considerably less likely to engage in sexual activity in adolescence compared with any other major American ethnic group -arab countries= no research --premarital sex is even lower in asia and severe penalties for women

Birth, Abortion and Pregnancy

-60% of adolescent girls in US ages 15-19 will have a baby or are pregnant

HIV and AIDS

-AIDS: A sexually transmitted infection that is caused by human immunodeficiency virus, which destroys the body's immune system. -In recent years, there has been increased heterosexual transmission of HIV in the united states -HIV (human immune deficiency virus), will cause aids which is the.. work together to destroy immune system -HIV and AIDS came out in 1980s and made splash in 90s... entire country was extremely concerned -has been increase in past years of HIV HIV can be transmitted only by: 1. certain body fluid (semen, vaginal fluid, breastmilk) 2. sharing of needles 3. blood transfusion -no other STI thats caused more deaths but the others have more prevalence. more public fear than any other STI

Social Influences on Gender

-Alice Eagly proposed social role theory --In most cultures around the world, females have less power and status than males, and females control fewer resources and show more cooperative, less dominant profiles than men -believed this was because how males and females are raised in most cultures -Example: Babysitting --Females: "People-oriented" Express more emotions, are better than males at decoding emotions, are more prosocial, and engage in "rapport talk" --means convo is relationship oriented... speak and act in a way that person begins to see commonality Ex: Mowing Lawns -Males: "things oriented" more likely to engage in "report talk". They experience and express more anger and show less self-regulation of their emotions than girls do, and this low self-control can translate into behavior problems and so they dont make best babysitters. --report talk: talk that gives information ---story telling, joking and lecturing

Sex Education

-Americans agree that rates of premarital pregnancy and STDs in adolescence are serious problems that must be reduced -However, there is vehement disagreement about what is the best solution -Comprehensive sexuality education: begins at an early age and includes information about sexual development. Sexual behaviors, easy access to contraception's --fewer than 10% of schools in US follow -Abstinence promotion: these promote abstinence until marriage. common in the south. These programs are completely inefficient and do not delay the time adolescence first have sex. --kids growing up in these cultures= higher rates of teen pregnancy anywhere else -most programs= focus on biology and STIs, but few about sexual behaviors - Two recent research reviews found that abstinence-only programs do not delay the initiation of sexual intercourse and do not reduce HIV risk behaviors. - A recent study revealed that adolescents who experienced comprehensive sex education were less likely to have adolescent pregnancies than those who were given abstinence-only sex education or no education.

Chlamydia

-Chlamydia is one of the most common STIs, and is an organism that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes. -Chlamydia is highly infectious. wont know you have it. few or no symptoms for females. males: discharge and pain urinating --Women run a 70% risk of contracting it in a single sexual encounter with an infected partner. --The male risk is estimated at between 25 and 50% -if infection goes untreated, can cause pelvic inflammatory disease. chlyamydia is #1 preventable cause of female infertility.

Cultural Beliefs and Adolescent Sexuality

-Cultures vary enormously in how they view adolescent sexual activity. The best description of these differences remains from Ford and Beach -Restrictive Cultures Strong prohibitions on sexual activity before marriage Double standards usually exist -strict separation of sex, public shame, physical punishment for premarital sex ---female virginity is honor on family. ---no culture punishes males as much as females -Semi-restrictive cultures Prohibitions not strongly enforced and easily evaded --adults ignore activity as long as discrete --adolescents may have to marry if get pregnant -Permissive cultures Encourages and expect adolescent sexuality Globalization has reduced permissiveness -sexual behavior encouraged. christian churches reduced permissive cultures

New idea: Abstinence-Plus

-Encourage adolescents to delay intercourse while also providing them with contraceptive information -bush told districts latitude in deciding if they offer sex ed as long as they promote abstinence more -texas chose all abstinence -70% of teens and parents prefer abstinence-plus -Adolescents can choose the message that appeals to them

Factors in Adolescent Sexuality

-Family strengths(family closeness, support, and responsiveness to health needs) in childhood protect against early initiation of sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. 1. sexual risk-taking is more common among girls living in single-parent households. seeking father figure? no supervision? 2. adolescence who associate with more deviant peers in early adolescence is more likely to have more sexual partners at age 16 (usually older than them) 3. better academic achievement is a protective factor... those who dont engage in risk taking have better academic achievement -cognitive factors are increasingly implicated in sexual risk-taking in adolescence. 1. attention problems 2. weak self-regulation -control emotion, go through day

Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny

-In the past: -A well-adjusted boy was supposed to be independent, aggressive, and powerful -A well-adjusted girl was supposed to be dependent, nurturing and uninterested in power -In the 1970s, as both males and females became dissatisfied with the burdens imposed by their stereotyped roles, alternatives to "masculinity" and "femininity" were explored. --b/c of womens movement, people have become more favorable towards women who are more andogrenous

Heterosexual Married Adults

-International comparisons reveal that individuals in Scandinavian countries marry later than Americans -Counterparts in many African, Asian, Latin American, and Eastern European countries marry earlier -Like Scandinavian countries, Japan has a high proportion of unmarried young people -- However, rather than cohabitating as the Scandinavians do, unmarried Japanese young adults live at home longer with their parents before marrying

Trends in U.S. Adolescent Pregnancy Rates

-Latina adolescents are more likely than African American and non-Latina White adolescents to become pregnant. -The proportion of adolescents who give birth while unmarried has increased Two Factors are responsible for this trend: 1. marriage in adolescence has become quite rare 2. pregnancy is no longer seen as a reason for marriage.

The Developmental Course of Love

-Love relationships among American Adolescents and emerging adults tend to follow a sequence of steps: -Both sexes have scripts: --Males endorse a proactive script: they are the ones who initiate dates, control the public domain (driving car), initiate sex --females adopt a reactive script: more into the private domain, grooming, dressing well, responding to males -before 20th century, men couldnt ask to call because it would be unmannerly. Starting in the 20's males would initiate the dates, spend the money, and the balance of courtships switched from female to male

Traditional Masculinity and Problem Behaviors in Adolescent Boys

-There also is a special concern about boys who adopt a strong masculine role in adolescence, because this is increasingly being found to be associated with problem behaviors -Joseph Pleck(1995) concludes that what defines traditional masculinity in many Western cultures includes behaviors that do not have social approval but nonetheless validate the adolescent boy's masculinity: 1. premarital sex 2. using alcohol and drugs 3. illegal delinquent activities -much more accepted in adolescent boys in US than girls --boys benefit for being exposed to expressed anxieties rather than keeping them bottled up. help them regulate agression and emotions. too often boys cant express feeling

Predictors of adolescent attraction

-Proximity and Exposure: --Mere exposure effect tends to play a big role in someone we will date: being repeated exposed to the same person makes you more likely to like them... more likely to develop attraction for someone you see a lot Study: 4 attractive women came to the same class. the women who came the most was rated most attractive from prof. according to evolutionary theory, what you see more you'll feel safer with. =more comfortable and attractive -Similarity: --Consensual validation: People like to find in others an agreement, or consensus, with their own characteristics. ex: similar age, race, personality. similarity refers to self serving bias to reaffirm the positive characteristics of ourself. Which similar characteristics most strongly predict a relationship? 1. social class 2. ethnic background 3. religious beliefs 4. physical attractiveness

Raising children gender-free

-Sasha's parents were so concerned with the harm in gender stereotypes, they hid the sex of their child for 5 years -a room painted yellow, a mix of girl and boy toys, wore whatever boy or girl hand me downs fit -family faced a firestorm of criticism when the story got leaked from teachers at school ---outrage, abusive, thought sasha would be confused. comments were actually just biases against lgbtq+ do you think that this would have been a girl acting as a boy, the outrage would have been so extreme? no cuz being a tomboy is accepted and fine. has to do with agency. males have more agency than females. if females wanted to act as males its better but its worse if males step down to be like girls

Sexually Transmitted Infections

-Sexually transmitted infections: infections that are contracted primarily through sexual contact. -STIs are an increasing health problem --Recent estimates indicate that while 15- to 24-year-olds represent only 25% of the sexually experienced U.S. population, they acquire nearly 50% of all new STIs. Why? - they are more likely than any other population to not be married to the same person. ****in around more. -Three caused by viruses- AIDS, genital herpes, and genital warts -Three caused by bacteria- gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia

Effective Sex Education: Sweden

-The Swedish State Commission on Sex Education recommends that adolescents gain knowledge to help them to experience sexual life as a source of happiness and fellowship with others. gain as much knowledge to experience sexual life as source of happiness and fellowship with someone. - Three ways in which this happens: 1. Swedish adolescents are sexually active at an earlier age than Americans 2. They are exposed to more explicit sex on TV than Americans 3. The Swedish national board has developed a curriculum to give every child beginning at the age 7 a thorough grounding in reproductive biology and by age 10 given varies forms of info about contraception's and sexual behaviors -the adolescent pregnancy rate in sweden is one of lowest in world

Choosing a Marriage Partner

-The study: Asked 10,000 adolescents in 37 countries from all over the world which qualities they consider most important in the person they marry -90% of people in most studies do end up getting married --had to be careful about translation of love -cross cultural striking similarities but some differences may be due to religion -- middle eastern countries saw chastity as highly important 1. Individuals who are happily married live longer, healthier lives than either divorced individuals or those who are un happily married. 1) Highest ranking: Mutual attraction 2)High rankings: Dependable character, emotional stability and ,maturity, pleasing disposition 3) lowest ranking: Religious and political back grounds 4) lowest rankings: good financial prospects, having a lot of money -goes against with what we see in media, know people tend to stay together, but when u ask them if important theyll say "no" however, we do end up with people with similar religious and political backgrounds --note: this study is what we think that we want, not neccesarily what we find

Gay and Lesbian Married Adults

-With nationwide legalization of gay marriage in 2015, all married couples now share in the same benefits of marriage. -Same-sex couples differ from opposite-sex couples in a few ways 1. lesbian couples place high priority on equality in the relationship 2. contrary to stereotypes in only a small percentage of couples is one couple masculine and the other feminine 3. only a small segment of the gay population has a large number of sexual partners 4. gay and lesbo partners prefer long term committed relationships

Magazines: boys

-about what he likes to do in terms of personal interest

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

-different types of love involve combining three fundamental qualities of love in different ways These three qualities are: 1) passion(falling in love with someone, excitment, excstacy and euphoria... doesnt last very long... hopefully will grow into intimacy ) <-- --> 2) intimacy(knowing someone well, sex, comfort, being naked in front of someone) <-- --> 3) commitment (grows gradually through decisions to be together, mutal caregiving, living together, shared possesions, foregiveness) -choice overload: due to social networking, tinder making so many partners available it make it difficult to make decisions. overload increases second thoughts and causes some people to make a selection

Genital Warts

-genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus which is difficult to test for and does not always produce symptoms but is very contagious --genital warts usually appears as small, hard, painless bumps on the penis, in the vaginal area, or around the anus -HPV is the most common acquired STI in the 15 to 24 year old age group -treatment involves the use of a topical drug, freezing or surgery --genital warts may return depite treatment and im some cases are linked to cervical and other genital cancers --in 2010, the CDC recommended that all 11 and 12 year old and 13-26 year old females by given a 3 drose HPV vaccine

Age of onset of romantic activity

-in study they tested: "- Announced "i like someone" -Went out with the same person three or more times -had a sustained romantic relationship for more than two months -planned an engagement or marriage

Magazines: girls

-physical appearance -how to be appealing to boys

Cultural Beliefs and Adolescent Sexuality Questions

1. Which type/s of culture/s might have a low rate of teenage pregnancy? - Restrictive and Permissive (very explicit safe sex campaigns, access to contraceptions) 2. What might a culture do to remain low in teenage pregnancies? - Permissive or more Restrictive. Culture would provide access to contraception. going back to restrictive wont happen 3. Do you think the American majority culture is restrictive, semi-restrictive, or permissive? - Semi-restrictive Semi-restrictive cultures: Canada, US, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Nigeria and Kenya Restrictive: Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Shanghai, Hong Kong Permissive: Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark

From 1991 to 2013, fewer adolescents reported ever having had sexual intercourse.

54% said yes in 1991 to ever had sexual intercourse... now its 43% why? switched to oral sex to avoid pregnancy, STDS, and STIS

Gender socialization practice

A survey on the most popular magazines that adolescents read revealed that -Girls' gender roles are especially pronounced in the magazines they read -Boys' gender roles are less or not at all pronounced in the magazines they read

Gender Androgyny Chart

Bem (1977) androgynous men and women are more flexible and mentally healthy -independent aggressive and powerful, but also dependent, nurturing and uninterested in power -High masculine/feminine: androgynous -low masculine/high feminine: feminine -low feminine/ high masculine: masculine -low masculine/low feminine: undifferentiated

Gender Differences in Aggression

Bullying/Overt aggression: 1. Aggression: physical, verbal 2. Repetition 3. Power imbalance: bully has higher peer status Relational aggression: 1. Gossiping 2. Spreading rumors 3. Snubbing 4. Excluding

Cohabitation

Cohabitation- living together in a sexual relationship without being married -doesnt have to be just sexual Cohabitation rates in the United States continue to rise -In a recent national poll, the number of cohabiting adults increased 29% from 2007 to 2016, reaching a figure of 18 million adults in a cohabiting relationship - Cohabitating rates are even higher in some countries--in Sweden, for example. cohabitation before marriage is virtually universal -couples in US face problems: disapproval from parents, difficulty owning property jointly, less legal rights, elevated risk of partner violence

Pregnancy among Adolescents in the US

Consequences of pregnancy for adolescent mothers 1. 2x more likely to drop out of school 2. less likely to go to college or become employed 3. less likely to get married 4. more likely to get divorced What about Baby? 1. more likely to be born immature 2. greater likelihood of behavior problems 3. school misbehavior, delinquency, and early sexual activity 4. may have lower IQs Why? mothers not expecting to be pregnant. May have been using drugs or alcohol, babies are showing signs of FAS

Dating and Romantic Relationships: Cross-Cultural Variations

Culture has strong influences on many aspects of human development, and romantic relationships are no exception examples: 1. China and Korea: in collectivist cultures, intimacy is more diffused in love because of strong group emphasis on connections outside of romantic relationships 2. US and most European countries: individualistic, intimacy is more intensified because individuals social network is smaller and less group oriented 3. Qatar and many other Arabic countries: casual dating is forbidden and public displays of affection can be punished with prison time

Sexual Harassment

Date Rape is one form of sexual harassment that takes place when a person, usually a woman(but has happened to men as well), is forced by a romantic partner, date, or acquaintance to have sexual relations -1/2 american women will experience harassment in professional life -15% of adolescent girls and 25% of emerging adult women (18-24) have experience date rape - Alcohol plays a big part in date rape on college campuses -Ruffies or other drugs may be slipped in to drinks -Researchers have found the following characteristics common among rapists: 1. aggression enhances their sense of power 2. angry at females in general... may act charming 3. want to hurt their victim Why is rape so pervasive in the American culture? 1. males are socialized to be aggressive 2. regard females as inferior beings 3. view their own pleasure as most important

Gender

Gender differences are not the same as sex differences 1. Gender describes: the characteristics a society or culture delineates as being masculine or feminine 2. Sex describes: biological fact that is the same in any culture -Gender schema theory: Gender-typing emerges as children and adolescents gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender=inappropriate in a culture. -What are some ways socialization pressures of gender begin in childhood? 1. gender reveal parties and parents dress their kids differently -should be "sex reveal party" -boys clothing is different than girls clothing 2. children learn what's appropriate at an early age -boys shouldnt play with dolls, girls cant play with trucks ... however girls who decide to play with trucks and wear boy clothes are less likely to be teased if it were a boy 3. Self-fulfilling prophecy: -parents may do it sub-consciously... boys shouldnt cry and they say "suck it up" but when a girl cries they have more leeway --when they get older girls feel they can express their emotions more while boys learned to hold them back

Adolescent Love

In one study, the more romantic experiences 10th graders had, the more they reported: a) higher levels of social acceptance, friendship competence, and romantic competence b) higher levels of substance use, delinquency, and sexual behavior. Male and female late adolescents tend to share ideas about desirable qualities in a mate highest-rated qualities in a mate were: 1. to be kind 2. to find a partner who is honest Qualities rated as lowest in importance were: 1. having a lot of money 2. being popular

Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents

It is during adolescence that most gay, lesbian, and bisexual people become fully aware of their sexual orientation. -important to note difference between homosexual experience and orientation --high percentage of adults (mainly men) report some kind of sexual play but only around 2% of adolescence as coming out fully Coming out -In most western cultures, adolescents commonly engage in the process of coming out -Involves a person's recognizing his or her own sexual identity and then disclosing the truth to friends, family, and others. -Coming out tends to be a long process --awareness of identity begins in adolescence with disclosure in late and emerging adulthood. as homosexuality is being embraces, coming out has dropped from 21 in 1960s to 16 today. only 10% will tell a parent first while almost all tell friends first Homophobia -rejected adolescents are 8 times more likely to attempt suicide, 6 times more likely to report depression --not easy, parents can respond with anger and dismay, if parents reject, consequences are dire --adolescents are more likely to engage in drug use and unprotected sex -important for family members to be as accepting as possible

Sternbergs Seven Forms of Love

Liking: Friendships, intimacy alone without any passions or commitments Infatuation: Just passion alone, lots of sexual desire and fantasy love. youre just attracted to them without depth Romantic Love: Passion and intimacy, passion of love is fusion to become one. Share a lot of love but commitment isnt too good.

Single Adults

Recent decades have seen a dramatic rise in the percentage of single adults -- in 2016, 45.2 percent of individuals 18 years and older were single Even when singles enjoy their lifestyles and are highly competent individuals, they are often stereotyped --stereotypes range from "swinging single" to "desperately lonely, suicidal" -- Most single adults are somewhere between these extremes -common problems of single adults: have trouble forming intimate relationships with other single adults. avoidance. have trouble finding niche in society thats marriage oriented -advantages: can make decisions about yourself, time to develop personal resources, meet goals, autonomous in decisions, go on vacations whenever, privacy

Romantic Relationships in Sexual Minority Youth

Recently, researchers have begun to study romantic relationships in gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth 1. The most common initial same-sex partner is a close friend Most sexual minority youth have same-sex sexual experience, but relatively few have same-sex romantic relationships why? 1. limited opportunities 2. lot of social disapproval from families or heterosexual peers. may have one experience but hard to find romantic relationship

Cohabitation and Marital Stability/Happiness

The majority of studies have found lower rates of marital satisfaction and higher rates of divorce in couples who lived together before getting married -unique to US 1. less traditional life style may attract less tradition individuals who are not great believers in marriage in the first place 2. people who cohabitate are more likely come from impoverished background. --low ses backgroud predicts divorce. I think thats bullsh

Dating and Romantic Relationships: Gender and Culture

The sociocultural context exerts a powerful influence on adolescent dating patterns and on mate selection Values and religious beliefs often dictate: 1. the age at which dating begins 2. how much freedom in dating is allowed 3. the extend to which dates are chaperoned 4, the respective roles of males and females in dating -- in the arab world, asain countries, and south america, adults are typically highly restrictive of adolescent girls' romantic relationships

Gender Androgyny

The term used for the combination of masculine and feminine traits in one person -sexual ambiguity found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity or sexual lifestyle -advocates argue its better than being masculine or feminine because they have more traits to draw from -androgynous children are more flexible and creative and better at saying no to unreasonable requests

Types of Dating and Developmental Changes

Three stages characterize the development of heterosexual romantic relationships in adolescence: 1. Entry into romantic attraction and afflictions (about 11-13 years of age) --triggered by puberty, developing crush, kiss, or holding hands is common 2. Exploring romantic relationships (14-16 years of age) --casual dating, calling each other bf and gf, more sexual play going on 3. Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds (17-19 yrs of age) --strong emotional bonds resembling adult relationships, long term, most people will lose virginity during this time

Breaking up

Two year study of 200 college couples -45% of the couples had broken up -those who had broken up lacked similarity on a variety of domains -- Age, SAT scores, physical attractiveness, commitment -males struggled with breakups more so than females -why? --women are more likely to end relationships. rejected men tend to be lonelier, unhappier and depressed. men find it harder to stay friends after. -67% of break-ups result in harassment for females, and strategies to derail the harassment rarely work in short term. ex: keeps calling, watching, following, insult, or maybe attack --rarely admit they actually harass -early indicator of a potential harassing ex? -- 1. controlling, overly jealous

Why do sex differences exist in the type of aggressive behavior chosen by boys and girls?

Y axis: % children aggressive X axis: relation or over much more relational aggression in girls and much more overt aggression in boys -Why? here in US girls cant socialize anger so they take a more covert, sneaky route whereas overt is screaming at you, teasing -relational: teasing behind back ex: mean girls movie