unc exss 181 final exam

Socialization

- A continuous process whereby individuals learn skills, behaviors, attitudes, and values that cause or enable them to function in their group or culture

Staleness

- A state in which the athlete has difficulty maintaining standard training regimens and can no longer achieve previous performance results - Physical and emotional lull - Early sign of burnout

Dorsch et al (2009)

- Are parents socialized through their children's sport participation? - Parents are socialized by their children's sport participation

Role Learner

- Ascribed vs. Achieved - Person characteristics - Interact with socializing agents and agencies to impact the socialization process

Stress Model of Burnout

- Commitment & Entrapment Theory - Participate because they "have to" not "want to" because of: social pressures; lack of attractive alternatives; large investments

Socialization INTO Sport

- How do individuals become interested and involved in sport or physical activity? - Influence of significant others + opportunity structure - Family, friends, skill, etc.

Non-Stressed Model of Burnout

- Identity & Control Model - Stress is a symptom of burnout NOT the driving force - Burnout in young athletes is not about individual response to participation but about fundamental structure of sport

Socializing Agents

- Individual people who personally interact with the role learner - EX: parents, coaches, peers, teachers, other family

Socializing Agencies

- Institutions or other larger organizations in the culture - EX: school, media, political climate

3 Key Socialization Mechanisms

- Modeling - Reinforcement - Peer Education

Burnout

- Multidimensional cognitive-affective syndrome characterized by dimensions of physical and emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of personal accomplishment, devaluation of sport context - Largely conceptualized as a response to chronic negative stress

Overtraining

- Part of training cycle (overload) in which training is raised and then lowered to make the body more fit - Short cycle of high levels of training that are near or at maximal capacity

Affiliations in Youth Peer Relationships central to youth sport socialization

- Peer acceptance, popularity, and status - Friendship - Social support

Who is at the highest risk of burnout?

- Perfectionism - Type A - High trait anxiety - Low self-confidence - Being overly other-oriented

3 Characteristics/Dimensions of Burnout

- Physical and emotional exhaustion - Reduced sense of personal accomplishment - Devaluation of sport context

Brustad (1993)

- Social agents and role learner attributes are related to socialization outcomes - Parents more likely to encourage male children - Parent's physical activity has no impact

Physical/Psychological Responses to Burnout

- Tension - State anxiety - Anger - Depression - Insomnia - Negative self-talk

Socialization THROUGH Sport

- What do people learn or gain through participation in sport? - Learned attributes, values, behaviors, and skills - Team-work, sportsmanship, leadership, etc.

Socialization OUT OF Sport

- Why do people withdrawal from sport? - Choose to focus on other activities, drop out of sport, barriers to participation - Time commitment, disinterest, etc.

Inverted-U Hypothesis

--dissatisfied with Drive theory, many sport psychologists posited a different relationship b/t anxiety and performance --Argued performance is optimal at a moderate level of arousal and falls off if athletes are not aroused or too aroused

Catastrophe Theory

--explains the interaction of cognitive and somatic anxiety and the combined relationship on athletic performance --as arousal increases, performance increases to a point but if it goes beyond an optimal level, performance drops off sharply --returning to an optimal level after a catastrophe requires dramatically reducing anxiety below the normal optimal level then working back up

What are the 2 key assumptions of attribution theory (Weiner, 1979, 1985)?

--motivation is influenced by attributions --Commonly cited reasons for perceived success and failure: personal ability, personal effort, opponent's ability/effort, luck, refs, weather

what is thought stopping? how does it work? what is its purpose in regards to self-talk?

-Notice yourself making a negative self-statement. -Say "STOP" in your head or out loud -Follow this up by replacing the thought with a more positive self-statement (see reframing strategies, next)

Be able to describe the ways to improve concentration discussed in lecture & the book.

Simulation in practice Use cue words Use nonjudgmental thinking Establish routines Develop competition plans Practice eye control Monitor yourself Overlearn skills

How does exercise compare to effects of medications for these disorders?

Some studies show exercise at least as effective as medication in lowering symptoms.

What is the TARGET acronym and how might it be used to influence motivational climate?

Task, Authority, Recognition(reward), grouping, evaluation, timing --conditions to promote mastery climate

What is personality?

That pattern of characteristics thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time and situations

What is self-confidence

The belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior - a pretty stable trait

Sport and Exercise Psychology

The scientific study of human behavior in sport and exercise, and the practical application of that knowledge

What are the importance of emotional states (enjoyment, anxiety, pride, shame) to this model?

They influence motivation

Symbolic learning theory

When an individual creates a motor program in the CNS by visualizing, a mental blue print is formed that will allow for successful execution of the movement.

Differentiate width & direction of attentional focus. What are the 4 possible combinations of these factors and what are they used for?

Width= broad vs narrow Direction= external vs internal -Broad External - Use to rapidly assess a situation -Broad Internal - Used to analyze and plan -Narrow External - Used to focus exclusively on 1 or 2 environmental cues -Narrow Internal - Used to mentally rehearse an upcoming performance or control an emotional state

Stress

a relationship b/t the person and the environment that is appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person and endangers his/her well being --a product of the dynamic and transactional relationship b/t the person and environment

Competition: Zero-Sum

a situation where rewards are distributed unequally based on performance outcome --Win(+) + Loss(-)=0 --problem: does not consider the individual's perceptions of the competition itself or the win/loss outcome

What is a theory?

a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained

Identify the IV and DV in the following statement: do 8 year old gymnasts learn new vaults faster if they are exposed to mastery versus coping models?

IV: Mastery vs. coping models DV: speed of learning

List and explain common internal and external attentional distractors.

Internal Distractors -Attending to Past Events -Attending to Future Events -Choking Under Pressure -Overanalyzing Body Mechanics -Fatigue -Inadequate Motivation External Distractors -Visual Distractors -Auditory Distractors

Explain the difference between internal and external perspectives in imagery.

Internal: you imagine form inside yourself External: you imagine as an out of body experience

What is/are attributions? How do they relate to success and failure?

Interpretations or explanations individuals give for success or failure; they are why you think you were successful or unsuccessful

Describe the Imagery Process

It involves recalling form memory pieces of information stored from experience and shaping these pieces into meaningful information

What is the advantage of the deep breathing technique?

It is easy and effective - it is also very quick so you can use it during breaks

What is biofeedback

It teaches control of physiological and autonomic responses to arousal (muscle activity, skin temp, brain waves, HR)

what is the strongest predictor of self-efficacy

Performance accomplishment

Understand the broad findings regarding exercise, personality and cognitive functioning.

Personality -Hardiness - personality style that enables a person to withstand or cope with stressful situations -Exercise + hardiness --> less stress & better health Exercise & Development of the Self -Body Satisfaction --> Self-Esteem Cognitive functioning -Exercise --> acute effects on memory, cognition -Diseases/disorders --> ADHD (e.g., executive function) -Long term outcomes --> exercise protective against normal affects of aging on the brain.

What should be primary: physical practice or imagery?

Physical practice but advising imagery can enhance the effects of physical practice

what is the definition of positive youth development (PYD)

Positive youth development (PYD) is an approach to working with youth that emphasizes building on youths' strengths and providing supports and opportunities that will help them achieve goals and transition to adulthood in a productive, healthy manner. PYD is not a specific curriculum but a model that can be used to enhance any youth-serving program. At its core, PYD focuses on cultivating qualities that help adolescents thrive through relationships and environments that provide supportive connections and help to develop needed skill

Should personality testing be used in athlete selection processes? Why or why not?

Problems with using personality tests: not sufficient evidence of reliability and validity; social desirability can be learned; doesn't account for non-psychological factors --not recommended

The Four Imagery Theories

Psychoneuromuscular theory, Triple Code Model, Bioinformational Feedback, Symbolic Learning Theory

What are the components of imagery?

Recall and Construction

What are SMARTS goal setting principles?

S- Specific M- Measurable A- Action-oriented R- Realistic but challenging T- Time-based S- Self-determined

attentional selectivity

Selective attention refers to letting some information into the information-processing system whereas other information is screened or ignored. (search light)

What is the ultimate goal of PST?

Self Regulation: the ability to work towards one's short and long term goals by effectively motion and managing one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Martens' Model of Sport Socialization process

memorize and be able to infer and provide recommendation within a case study format related to sports socialization outcomes

assertive behavior

no intent to harm, legitimate force, unusual effort and energy expenditure

self-efficacy vs self-confidence

the perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully, is really a **situation-specific form of self-confidence**

Moral development

the process of experience and growth through which a person develops the capacity to morally reason

Psychoneuromuscular theory

vivdly imagined events innervate the muscles in somewhat the same way that physically practicing the movement does

Outcome vs. Performance vs. process

-Outcome: winning, overall standing -Performance: self improvement ex: even though we lost, I scored a goal -Process goals: learning steps in the bigger picture ex: losing weight, eating healthy

A soccer player who can pay attention to her teammates in her peripheral view while also focusing on the ball would be said to have good ______. A. Attentional alertness B. Attentional capacity C. Attentional selectivity D. Attentional focus

A

How can practice be used to train for competition?

Set up stressful situations in practice to develop these techniques.

All of the following are examples of sport-specific models of burnout EXCEPT: A. Negative-training Stress Response Model B. Self-Determination Theory C. Commitment and Entrapment Theory D. Cognitive-Affective stress Model E. All are examples of sport-specific models of burnout

E

Which of the following are considered treatment or prevention strategies for athlete burnout? A. Scheduled breaks from sport B. Maintaining a positive outlook C. Staying in good physical condition D. Enhancing communication skills E. All of the above

E

What do we know currently about the relationship between exercise, depression and anxiety?

Exercise associated with lower levels of both depression and anxiety symptoms.

What are common signs of poor adjustment to athletic injury?

Feelings of anger and confusion Obsessed with returning to play Denial (i.e., "the injury is no big deal") Consistently coming back to soon and experiencing re-injury Guilt about letting the team down Withdrawal from significant others

According to revised frustration-aggression theory, what series of events could lead someone to decide to perform an aggressive act in sport?

Frustration (failure, goal blockage)--> increased arousal (pain,anger)--> socially learned cues signal appropriateness of aggression--> aggression

Difference b/t cognitive and somatic anxiety?

--Cognitive: mental component (worrying, distraction) --somatic: physiological component (changes in heart rate, muscle tension)

5 Core Principles of Coaching Behavior (Self-Esteem & Motivation)

- Winning = maximum effort, improvement - Liberal use of contingent positive reinforcement - Establish norms that emphasize athletes' mutual obligations to help and support each other - Involves athletes in decisions about team rules and compliance - Self-monitor behavior and get feedback

Be able to describe the motivational continuum and each type of motivation on it.

--Amotivation: see no link b/t actions and outcomes --External regulation: performing an activity to receive a reward or avoid a punishment --Introjected regulation: performing a behavior to avoid guilt and anxiety (sources are internalized) --Identified regulation: performing the behavior to achieve some valued, extrinsic outcome --Integrated regulation: performing a behavior b/c it is part of your sense of self --Intrinsic motivation: performing an activity for its own sake (gain knowledge, master task, experience pleasure)

Define and differentiate b/t arousal and anxiety.

--Arousal: a general state of activation from deep sleep to extreme excitement; an intensity dimension of motivation at a particular moment; neither positive or negative; includes physiological, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions; marked by higher heart rate, respiration, sweating. --Anxiety: a negative emotional state characterized by nervousness, worry, apprehension, and increased physiological activation

Name the 4 key components to the modeling process, and identify 1 way you could enhance each.

--Attention: eliminate distraction; focus on key points --Retention: mental practice (repeat aloud); immediate practice --Motor Reproduction: turning thoughts into action; break difficult skills into parts --Motivation: provide some rationale for why skill is important for them

What are the 3 stages of children's competence motivation? Why are they important?

--Autonomous Competence: (occurs roughly before age 4) children focus on mastering their environment through self-testing their abilities; children rarely compare themselves with others --Social Comparison: (begins at 5 years old) children focus on comparing their performance with others --Integrated stage: (no typical age) involves both social comparison and autonomous achievement strategies

What are the 3 psychological needs and how do they influence more intrinsic/self-determined motivation?

--Autonomy: need to perceive that one has a choice and are in control of one's behavior --Competence: need to feel effective at achieving desired outcomes --Relatedness: need to authentically connect with others and feel involved in social context

There are 2 theories that suggest that the situation influences personality development. Name them, and explain the basic premise of each.

--Behaviorism: people learn behaviors for specific situations via rewards and punishments --Social Learning Theory: people learn behaviors for certain situations via observational learning/modeling

Competition vs. cooperation

--Competition: a social process that occurs when rewards are given to people on the basis of how their performances compare with the performances of others doing the same task or same event --Cooperation: a social process through which performance is evaluated and rewarded in terms of the collective achievements of a group of people working together to reach a particular goal --It isn't competition itself that produces more negative results, but over-emphasis on winning; norm is often competition, so frequently helpful to increase emphasis on cooperation; competition can co-occur with cooperation

What are the 2 aspects from Cognitive Evaluation Theory that affect an individual's interpretation of a reward?

--Controlling: more controlling=undermine self-determination; affects autonomy perceptions --Informational aspect: more informational=enhance self-determination; affects competence perceptions

Key distinctions b/t competitive and cooperative learning environments?

--Cooperative: success defined by individual progress; effort is valued; person evaluated on effort,progress; mistakes viewed as part of learning --Competitive: succes defined by doing better than others; ability is valued; person evaluated on score, winning; mistakes viewed as failure

6 periods of sports psychology

--Early years(1895-1920): characterized by isolated studies --Griffith Era(1921-1938): sport psychology labs and psychological testing took place; Coleman Griffith became the first American to specialize in the area; lab at University of Illinois --Preparation for Future(1939-1965): characterized by the field's scientific development attributable to the educational efforts of Franklin Henry --Establishment of Academic Branch(1966-1977): sport and exercise psychology became a valued component of the academic discipline of physical education --Multidisciplinary Research(1978-2000): multidisciplinary science and practice, characterized by tremendous growth as the field became more accepted and respected by the public --Contemporary(2000-present): distinguished by continued growth worldwide, considerable diverse research, and interest in application and consulting

What are the 3 predictors of goal involvement (state) from achievement goal theory? Which one might be the most easily influenced by a practitioner?

--Goal orientation(dispositional): how does the individual typically define success/failure? (task/ego) --concept of ability: undifferentiated/differentiated --Motivational climate: mastery,performance

What are the 4 possible combinations of goal orientations?

--High task, low ego --High task, high ego --Low task, low ego --Low task, high ego

In what 2 key ways is anxiety described to affect performance?

--Increased muscle tension and coordination difficulties --Attention and concentration changes (narrowing of attention, attending to inappropriate cues)

What is feedback? 3 functions of feedback?

--Information that is obtained about a behavior; intrinsic--> visual, kinesthetic, tactile; augmented-->external source (coach) --Functions: informational, motivational, reinforcement

Explain the difference b/t internal psychological core, typical responses, and role-related behavior in Hollander's model of personality

--Internal psychological core: basic level, values, interests, motives, etc. --Typical responses: ways we learn to adjust to the environment, how we usually respond to the world around us --Role-related behavior: most changeable aspect of personality; different situations elicit different behaviors

Define and explain the differences b/t intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

--Intrinsic: behaviors demonstrated voluntarily, in the absence of constraints imposed by others; performing an activity for its own sake --Extrinsic: behaviors displayed for the purpose of achieving some end and not for its own sake

Seefeldt's (1987) model of moral development

--Level 1: external control (it's ok as long as I don't get caught)--Level 2: an eye-for-an-eye (it's ok to retaliate)--Level 3: Altruistic view (treat others as you want to be treated)--Level 4: following external rules (it's ok if it isn't against rules)--Level 5: what is best for all involved (considering others' welfare)

What are the 2 types of motivational climate? What individuals in the achievement goal environment may influence these goals?

--Mastery: emphasis on learning, effort, individual improvement, and cooperation tend to evoke task involvement --Performance: emphasis on competition, winning, and social comparison tend to evoke ego involvement

Vicarious Modeling

--Maximize model/observer similarity (age, gender, competence; coping vs. mastery) --Model verbalizations (problem-solving, self-confidence, positive vs. negative affect, task difficulty)

Difference b/t a coping and a mastery model? Is one better than the other (Weiss, et al., 1998 study)

--Moderate to large differences b/t control and modeling groups on skill, fear, and self-efficacy following the intervention --No differences b/t modeling groups

Who are the main historical figures? What did they do?

--Norman Triplett: key figure in history of social, sport, and exercise psychology; studied social facilitation of bikers; tested whether bikers rode faster when in groups than alone --Coleman Griffith: "Father of Modern Sport Psychology"; first research lab; 25 research articles

Social Learning Theory (Social Cognitive Theory)

--Observer processes modeled information and uses it to guide behavior attempts --Four processes are fundamental to success: attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation

Name the 5 big traits. What is the iceberg profile?

--Openness to experience --Conscientiousness --Extraversion/Introversion --Agreeableness --Neuroticism (emotionality) --Iceberg profile= a visual representation of desirable emotional health status characterized by low raw scores on the tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion.

4 ways to assess whether learning has occurred following modeling?

--Outcome vs process --Recall vs. recognition --Learning vs performance

What are the 2 assumptions of the Achievement goal theory?

--People are motivated to demonstrate competence --Motivation is influenced by the personal meaning one assigns to perceived success and failure

Describe the competence motivation model. What are its 3 key assumptions?

--Perceptions of control (over whether one can learn and perform skills) work along with self-worth and competence evaluations to influence motivation --Perceptions of control, competence, self-esteem do not influence motivation directly --Rather, these perceptions influence affective or emotional states (enjoyment, anxiety, pride, shame) that in turn influence motivation

What does the interactionist approach to personality suggest about how personality develops?

--Person factors (traits) and situation factors interact to determine behavior --B=f(P,E) --combo of trait and situation theories --concept of state vs trait characteristics

What kind of feedback did Horn (1995) suggest was necessary for the most positive psychological outcomes?

--Positive contingent feedback

What are ways to promote cooperation in sport environments?

--Positive interdependence --Face-to-Face interaction --Individual accountability --Social Skills Training --Opportunities for group evaluation

Horn (1995) study found that more frequent positive feedback was associated with poorer positive psychological outcomes, why?

--Positive reinforcement not contingent --Criticism usually followed by technical instruction

Differences b/t the positive approach and the negative approach to providing feedback in coaching?

--Positive: strengthens desired behavior by motivating participants to perform or exhibit them, and by reinforcing the behaviors when they occur; focuses on correct performance --Negative: attempts to eliminate undesirable behaviors through punishment and criticism; focuses on errors; fear of failure is key problem

Positive/negative reinforcement? Punishment?

--Reinforcement: increases the likelihood of a behavior that precedes it --Punishment: decreases the likelihood of a behavior that precedes it --Add: positive reinforcement/punishment --Remove: punishment/negative reinforcement

Describe the self-serving bias and learned helplessness.

--Self-serving bias: making attributions that help you increase or maintain your self-esteem and confidence (for success=internal and stable; for failure=external and unstable) --Learned helplessness: a psychological state where people have learned that failure is inevitable and out of their control (tend to attribute failure to uncontrollable, stable causes)

What are the 3 characteristics of attributions? Example of each?

--Stability:stable/unstable (stable=your talent, unstable=good luck) --Locus of causality: internal/external (internal= your tremendous effort, external= easy competition) --Locus of control: in one's control/ out of one's control (in=strategy/plan, out=opponent's lack of physical conditioning)

What do the stability, causality, and controllability of attributions mean in terms of psychological outcomes when the athlete wins/succeeds? Loses/fails?

--Stable: greater expectation of the same outcome happening again --Unstable: lower expectation of the same outcome happening again --Internal: greater pride for success, or greater shame for failure --External: lower pride for success, lower shame for failure --In control: greater motivation --out control: lower motivation

What are ways that stress, coping skills, & social support might contribute to injury?

-at risk individuals: high stress, low coping skills, low social support

What is the difference b/t state and trait anxiety? Common signs of state anxiety?

--State: the actual apprehension and tension felt at a given time (a changing mood state) --Trait: the tendency to become anxious in stressful situations (an acquired behavioral tendency that is part of one's personality) --common signs of state: cold, clammy hands, profuse sweating, negative self-talk, dazed look in eyes, cotton mouth

Stress process model

--Stress can be either positive (eustress) or negative (distress) -person-environment transaction-->cognitive appraisal-->coping-->stress/emotion outcome

Explain the findings of the Ryan (1977, 1980) scholarship studies?

--Study 1: scholarship athletes were less intrinsically motivated than non-scholarship athletes --Study 2: scholarship football athletes were less intrinsically motivated than non-scholarship athletes --Study 3: scholarship athletes were more intrinsically motivated than non-scholarship athletes in wrestling and female athletes

As a coach, what can you deal to prevent and/or help your athletes or exercisers manage performance anxiety?

--Tailor coaching strategies to individuals; understand which athletes' arousal needs to be enhanced, reduced, or maintained --Develop performers' confidence --For athletes: train yourself to cope with stress and manage psychological arousal

Define the task and ego achievement perspectives. What are the key differences b/t these perspectives?

--Task(mastery): possible for all participants to be successful; success more in participant's control; relative to your own past performance (personal best time/performance, learning or improve) --Ego(outcome): a limited number of people can be successful; success less in participant's hand; relative to other people (winning, beating a rival)

What are the common motivated/behavioral outcomes of task and ego involvement?

--Task: choose learning opportunities at risk of displaying mistakes; high effort; persist in face of failure; continue to problem solve when encountering failure --Ego: avoid learning opportunities that have risk of displaying error; put in just enough effort to socially compare well, or disguise poor ability; give up in face of failure

Individualized Zones of Optimal Functioning

--The optimal level of arousal doesn't always occur at the midpoint --One's optimal level of state anxiety rests not at a single point, but a bandwidth

Multidimensional Theory

--Took issue with the assumption of IZOF that the components of anxiety affect performance in the same way --Somatic and cognitive anxiety influence performance differently --Cognitive=negative linear relationship with performance --Somatic=inverted-U relationship with performance

What are the 2 conceptions of ability and what outcomes might they influence?

--Undifferentiated concept of ability: an inability or a choice not to differentiate b/t ability and effort (working hard=ability) --Differentiated concept of ability: a person is able to, and choose to, differentiate b/t ability and effort

Describe and explain the 4 primary ways to measure degrees of learning

--Verbal production --Recognition --Comprehension Test --Actual performance

Reversal theory

--arousal effects performance based on interpretation

Camire et. al (2011)--Purpose?--Research or theory based?--Main points--What did their authors suggest after integrating their ideas or ideas of others?--Limitations/critiques?--Next study/practice implication?

--present some of the strategies these coaches implemented in their coaching practice to promote positive development along with examples of challenges they confronted.--research--facilitating positive youth development through sport is not easy or automatic; Coaches are in a preferred position to use the power of sport to positively influence the lives of their athletes in a lasting manner.--carefully develop your coaching philosophy; develop meaningful relationships with your athletes; intentionally plan developmental strategies in your coaching practice; make athletes practice life skills; teach how life skills transfer to non-sport settings

How can SDT be used to inform coaching/teaching practice to enhance self-determined motivation for athletes/exercisers?

--provide participants some choice --Use small rewards as symbols of achievement, not to coerce or control --Help all participants feel included by the group

what is reframing? describe appropriate guidelines for its use.

-Changing a negative into a positive self-statement -Positive statement provides you with an alternate focus to replace the negative statement -Must be positive, but also believable

Identify and explain 3 ways of knowing. Advantages/disadvantages of each?

-Common sense (intuition, speculation); strength= easy and quick; limitations= not based on experience or data -Practical experience (observations, case studies); strengths= immediate, innovative; limitations= fails to explain mechanisms, susceptible to bias -Science (controlled, empirical investigations); strengths= reliable, objective; limitations= reductionistic, slow to evolve

4 steps of scientific method?

-Develop the problem (what is the purpose; independent/dependent variables) -Formulate hypotheses (must be testable) -Gather data -Analyze and interpret results

List the psychological benefits of exercise (e.g., both increases and decreases in psychological outcomes or functioning)?

-Increases Assertiveness Confidence Emotional stability Intellectual functioning Internal locus of control Memory, Perception Positive body image Self-control Well-being Work efficiency -Decreases Substance abuse Anger Anxiety Confusion Depression Headache Hostility Tense Work errors

What are the predictors of self-efficacy (in order of their effect on self-efficacy)?

-Most Effective: Performance Accomplishments -Less Effective: Vicarious Experience, Verbal Persuasion, Imaginal Experiences, Physiological/Psychological States

List and describe the psychological and physiological explanations for the psychological health benefits of exercise.

-Physiological Increased cerebral blood flow Changes in neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin) Increases in maximal oxygen consumption and delivery Reductions in muscle tension Structural changes in brain Increased serum concentrations in neuro-receptors -Psychological Enhanced feelings of control Feelings of competence and self-efficacy Positive social interactions Improve self-concept and self-esteem Fun Enjoyment

List the most common reason for initiating, continuing, and discontinuing from sport?

-Reasons for participating Competence/Skill development Fun Affiliation Excitement/challenge of competition Fitness (health/appearance) -Reasons for discontinuation Other interests (sport & other) Lack of ability Lack of fun and excitement Pressure, hard training Dislike of coach Lack of teamwork

List the most common reason for starting and discontinuing exercise?

-Reasons to start Weight control Health factors (e.g., reduce risk of disease) Psychological (e.g., stress reduction) -Reasons to continue Enjoyment Increased self-esteem and confidence Socializing

3 roles of sport psychologists

-Research (plan, design, implement, and evaluate research); -Teaching (university courses); -Consulting (help individuals and teams improve performance)

what are the advantages to setting both short-term and long-term goals?

-Short term goals can lead to long-term goals -Process goals are the steps to get to a bigger picture goal

Explain how thought stopping/reframing can be used to increase attention, control emotions, or cue techniques

-To increase attention, use thought-stopping -To control emotions, use reframing -to cue techniques, use instructional self-talk

2 major types of questions in the field?

-Understanding the effects of psychological factors on sport/physical activity behavior and performance -Understanding the effects of participating in sport/physical activity on psychological development, health, and well-being

what are the guidelines for the effective use of self-talk?

-Use short, specific phrases -Speak in the first person -Use the present tense -Say with meaning and attention -Speak kindly to yourself -Repeat phrases often -Use specific task instructions rather than general instructions -Consider using metaphorical language

You are a gymnast, and have high self-efficacy to do a handspring. I don't have any gymnastics training, and, as you may expect, my self-efficacy to do a handspring is low. What differences in motivation, affect, cognitions, and behavior would we expect to see in yourself compared to myself?

-lower skills -> rely on performance at the moment - (-) self-thoughts and psych states - (-) performance

4 key characteristics of an aggressive act

1. Behavior2. Involves harm/injury3. Directed toward another living organism4. Involves intent--can be physical, verbal, or social

What are the differences between the 3 methods of arousal control?

1. Deep breathing: simple breathing out releases tension 2. PMR: contracting and relaxing releases tension 3. Autogenic training: producing sensations in your body releases tension

4 steps of PST program

1. Education and assessment: teach importance 2. Acquisition: create strategies for learning skills 3. Practice: 4. Evaluation: did it work?

Describe the sport confidence model. What are its four levels?

1. Factors influencing sport confidence: Personality, Organizational culture 2. Sources of Sport Confidence: achievement, self-regulation, social climate 3. Constructs of sports confidence: decision making, skills, resiliency 4. Consequences of Sport Confidence: affect, behavior, cognition

What are the sensations that we focus on in Autogenic training

1. Heaviness in extremities* 2. Warmth in extremities* 3. Regulation in HR 4. Regulation in breathing 5. Abdominal warmth 6. Cool forehead

what are the two viewpoint on why goal setting works?

1. Indirect thought process view: goal setting → increases confidence which reduces anxiety and enhances satisfaction → increases performance 2. Direct mechanistic view directs your views to what important. Mobilizes effort. Prolongs effort

What are common problems in implementing PST programs?

1. Lack of conviction 2. Lack of time 3. Lack of sport knowledge (by consultant) 4. Lack of follow-up (athlete and consultant)

What are the key components of the sport competition process?

1. Objective competitive situation: standards set by an individual's past performance; an idealized performance; another individual's performance; must be at least 1 other person who is in a position to evaluate the performance 2.Subjective competitive situation: individual's perceptions, interpretations, and appraisals of the competitive situation (game importance, past experiences) 3.Response: whether an individual approaches a competitive situation and how he/she does so (behavioral: choices of an easy, optimal, or difficult standard, physiological: arousal level, psychological: state anxiety, self-talk) 4.consequences: longer-term effects/outcomes of the competitive process; performance=successful or unsuccessful; attitudes= self-perceptions, feelings of enjoyment, motivation; health= sleeping patterns, eating patterns, substance abuse

What are the key antecedents of self-efficacy?

1. Performance accomplishments (most dependable) 2. Vicarious experience: modeling 3. Verbal persuasion 4. Imaginal experiences 5. physiological/psychological states

What are self-regulations 5 stages?

1. Problem Identification 2. Commitment 3. Execution 4. Environmental management 5. Generalization

List some of the common coping strategies of elite athletes.

1. Thought stopping 2. Narrowing focus 3. Rational thinking and self-talk 4. Positive focus 5. Social Support 6. PST 7. PST 8. Time management 9. Training hard and smart

Which senses should you use when you do imagery?

1. Visual 2. Auditory 3. Tactile 4. Olfactory

What are the 2 characteristics of skilled imagery?

1. Vividness: detail and clear 2. Controllability: making sure you don't go negative or irrelevant

What are 5 misconceptions of confidence?

1. either you have it or you don't 2. Only positive feedback can build confidence 3. Success always builds confidence 4. Confidence equals outspoken arrogance 5. mistales inevitably destroy confidence

Guided by this model, how would you enhance the confidence of a young athlete who has been performing well in practice but not in games? Where would you intervene?

2) Sources of Sport Confidence (social climate, achievements)

examples of current PYD programs and their mission/ vision for the positively impact youth

4-H, big brother big sister

What are the 4 components of attention.

1. focusing on the relevant cues in the environment (selective attention) 2. maintaining that attentional focus over time 3. having awareness of the situation and performance errors. 4. shifting attentional focus when necessary.

List some common uses of imagery.

1. improve concentration 2. Enhance motivation 3. Build Confidence 4. Control emotional response 5. Develop sport skills 6. acquire and practice strategy 7. cope with pain and injury 8. competition preparation 9. solve problems

Describe techniques which could increase athlete arousal?

1. increasing breathing rate 2. Act energized 3. Self talk: mood words and positive self-statements 4. Energizing music 5. Energizing imagery 6. Precompetitive workout

Identify the three types of self-talk, give an example of each, and indicate the expected response

1. positive/motivational ->"ex. I've got the endurance to push through"; motivation & increased effort 2. instructional -> ex. "Keep tall and relaxed"; focus and motivation 3. negative -> ex. "I don't think I can make it"; hoplessness, frustration, and distraction

what are some common on site comping techniques?

1. smile in response to tension 2. enjoy situation 3. slow down 4. stay focused in the present 5. be prepared with a competition plan

What are two assumptions of PMR?

1. tension and relaxation cannot occur simultaneously 2. relaxation of muscles contributes to relaxation of the mind

According to studies done in groups of athletes, which combination of life stress and personality factors would result in the greatest risk of athletic injury? A. Low social support and low coping skills; high trait anxiety B. High social support and high coping skills; low trait anxiety C. High social support and low coping skills; high trait anxiety D. Low social support and low coping skills; low trait anxiety

A

Jenny is a D1 ice hockey player. Lately she hasn't been feeling like herself. She is performing poorly and has lost a significant amount of weight. She is having trouble concentrating and is struggling with a lot of muscle soreness and other injuries. From these symptoms, Jenny is most likely experiencing: A. Overtraining syndrome B. Burnout C. Fatigue D. Periodized training

A

Which factors are the primary causes of exercise and sport injuries? A. Physical factors B. Social factors C. Psychological factors D. Personality factors

A

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of choking? A. Low self confidence B. Distraction C. Anxiety D. Inadequate coping skill utilization

A

What are the 2 major components of fair play?

Adhering to both formal and unwritten rules that allow all contestants an equitable chance to pursue victory

What are two primary explanations for the stress-injury relationship?

Attentional changes -Stress creates a narrowed attention by disrupting an athlete's peripheral vision -This causes athletes to misperceive situations that may cause injury -Stress can also cause distraction in the form of irrelevant thoughts Muscle tension -High stress can be accompanied by increased muscle tension with interferes with coordination ~Major life changes ~Outside influences ~Lack of proper training Toughness -Many coaches promote an attitude of maximal effort all the time: "Go hard or go home" -By rewarding such effort without also emphasizing the need to recognize and accept injuries, coaches encourage their athletes to play hurt or take undue risks Worthlessness -Athletes may be socialized to feel worthless if they are hurt. This attitude develops in many ways: ~ No tangible contribution toward winning ~ Lack of playing time = lack of importance ~ Possibly removed from social interactions

Imagine you are a trainer working with a high school senior volleyball player, Natasha, on recovering from a recent ACL injury. Natasha's goal was to be the league MVP this year, and that goal is not looking possible anymore. You are working with her on setting a new goals. She suggests, "I want to play again." You suggest she modify that goal to "I want to play in at least one game before the end of the regular season." What principle of goal setting did you address when you made this modification? A. Action-oriented B. Realistic C. Time-based D. Self-determined

B

The "five stages of grief", as conceptualized by Hardy and Crace, are composed of all of the following EXCEPT? A. Denial B. Suicidal thoughts C. Depression D. Bargaining

B

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic/dimension of burnout? A. Feelings of low personal accomplishment B. Increase in training related to sport. C. Exhaustion, both physically and mentally. D. Devaluation of sport.

B

You are a certified athletic trainer for a high school football team. A player on the team, named Kyle, recently broke his femur and will be out for the rest of the season. Which of the following would be an appropriate guideline for you to follow when helping Kyle in his injury recovery process? A. Be extremely optimistic with Kyle, reassuring him of a quick recovery. B. Give Kyle a detailed outline of what his recovery process will look like. C. Encourage Kyle to return to play before his injury is healed, if he is feeling better. D. Discourage social support for Kyle, in order for him to focus on recovery.

B

_______ is defined as focusing on the relevant cues in the environment, maintaining that attentional focus over time, having awareness of the situation and performance errors, and shifting attentional focus as necessary. A. Attention B. Concentration C. Focus D. Awareness

B

What does B= f(P,E) mean?

Behavior is a function of both the person and his/her environment -Is dynamic; precise prediction difficult; need to understand both person and context

What are the six exercise adherence strategies.

Behavior modification -prompts -contracting Reinforcement -self monitoring -attendance/participation rewards -feedback Cognitive/Behavioral -goal setting (SMARTS) Decision Making -decision balance sheet Social Support -group exercise -exercise partner -encouragement or assistance from friend/family Intrinsic Approaches -focus on the experience -process orientation -self determination -purpose/meaning

What are common issues associated with transition out of sport that can negatively affect athlete mental health and/or cognitive functioning? Be able to give examples of each.

Bitterness of being forced to retire Loss of camaraderie with teammates and relationships with coaches Lack of self-identity Loss of confidence in ability to cope with life situations Loss of adulation from fans Inability to replace the excitement of the sport experience

What is the current state of the causality of these findings?

Bottom line ... There are negative associations ≠ extremely strong causal evidence ... yet.

Describe common ways a practitioner may facilitate injury recovery/rehabilitation.

Build rapport with injured person Education (relative to injury and recovery process) Teach psychological coping skills (PST) -Goal setting -Positive self-talk/thoughts -Imagery/visualization -Relaxation training Realistic expectations: prepare the individual to cope with setbacks Foster social support

What are common problems in goal setting?

Convincing athletes to set goals Failing to set SPECIFIC goals Setting too many goals too soon Failing to adjust goals Failing to recognize individual differences Not providing follow up and evaluation

What are some ways practitioners may promote more intrinsic forms of motivation in their athletes or exercisers?

Create an environment that meets people's needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness

A basketball player mentally rehearsing a free throw is using this type of attentional focus: A. Broad external B. Broad internal C. Narrow external D. Narrow internal

D

Morgan, a collegiate lacrosse player, sustained a concussion when she ran into an opposing player during an important qualifying match. Morgan says that she was "so focused" on chasing down the ball, and did not see how close she was to the other player before they collided. Which explanation for injury best applies to Morgan's case?

D

Sarah's tennis coach wants to help her improve her concentration so she will have more success as a tennis player. Which of the following techniques should the coach incorporate to help Sarah improve her concentration when playing tennis?

D

You are an administrator overseeing an elite youth lacrosse club with extremely intense training and travel for the adolescent athletes. You worry about burnout and feel that advice from other athletes may be useful in prevention of burnout for the athletes up oversee. Which of the following suggestions did burned-out youth tennis players give other players to prevent burnout? A. Try to make it fun. B. Balance lacrosse/tennis with other aspects of your life. C. Don't take much time off because you will lose motivation. D. a and b E. b and c

D

Name and describe the common emotional/psychological responses to athletic injury.

Identity loss: -No longer defined as athlete/exerciser/healthy Fear and anxiety: -Concern about recovery, pain, returning to previous level of fitness/competence Lack of confidence: -Stems from inability to practice, maintain previous physical condition. May result in decreased motivation or re-injury Performance decrements: -Results from lowered confidence, inability to practice, expectancy to return to previous performance level Relief -a way out of playing Injury-relevant information processing: -Focus is on information related to the pain of the injury, gaining an awareness of the extent of the injury, and surmising how the injury happened Emotional upheaval and reactive behavior: -Marked by vacillating emotional agitation, emotional depletion, isolation and disconnection -Also, athletes may experience shock, denial, self-pity, and disbelief Positive outlook and coping: -Athlete accepts the injury and deals with it, initiates positive coping strategies, exhibits a good attitude and remains optimistic

Bioinformational feedback

Imagery consists of two main parts.. 1. stimulus proposition: describing a sensory scenario to be imagined 2. response proposition: describing reactions (racing heart) to those stimuli

Why is imagery good if you are injured?

Imagery practice is better than no practice at all. It still keeps your head in the game.

What is the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Effect?

Negative self-fulfilling prophecies are psychological barriers that lead to a vicious cycle: The expectation of failure leads to actual failure, which lowers self-image and increases expectations of future failure.

Describe the trait approach to personality. Why are traits a poor predictor of behavior on their own?

Traits are: --Consistent= therefore we expect behavior (and thoughts and emotions) to be similar from one situation to the next --Generalizable= therefore we expect people to behave similarly across contexts --Traits are weak predictors of behavior on their own b/c predispositions do not mean an individual will act on them in every situation; sport may be a context in which traits are suppressed exaggerated; don't take into account the environment

Cognitive appraisal

an evaluation of whether the encounter has significance for the person's well-being --Primary appraisal: what is at stake? Is it relevant to my goals, beliefs? --Secondary appraisal: what can be done? can i manage, prevent, adapt to it?

What is the benefit of self-confidence for athletes?

arouses positive emotions facilitates concentration affects goals increases effort affects game strategies affects psychological momentum affect performance

attentional capacity

attention is limited in the amount of information that can be processed at one time - good athletes can free up space by doing things automatically

Competition: Social Evaluation

comparison of performance to a standard, in the presence of at least one other person, who is aware of the competition goal, and can evaluate the performance

Coping

constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts used to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person --Problem-focused: efforts directed at changing the transaction (solving the problem) --Emotion-focused: efforts directed at changing the emotional response without changing the transaction

Define Imagery

creating or recreating an experience with the mind (visualization)

Describe Kubler-Ross stages of grief as they relate to injury.

denial anger bargaining depression acceptance and reorganization

Hostile aggression

intent to harm, goal to harm, anger

instrumental aggression

intent to harm, goal to win, no anger

define self-talk

self-references thoughts, or thoughts that we think to ourselves about ourselves

Modeling? 3 types of modeling effects?

the cognitive, affective, and behavioral changes that result from observing others --Skill/behavior acquisition: acquire motor coordination information; develop strategies to solve movement problem --Psychological responses: inhibition/disinhibition --Response facilitation(behaviors already learned)

Moral reasoning

the decision process where the rightness or wrongness of a course of action is determined

Definition of motivation (2 parts)

the direction and intensity of effort --direction= approach/avoid or attraction --intensity=how much effort, persistence

moral behavior

the execution of an act that is deemed right or wrong

Drive theory

the idea that the relationship b/t anxiety and performance is direct and linear

Triple Code Model

the meaning of the image to the individual must also be incorporated into the imagery model

Attentional alertness

the more aroused you are, the more narrow your focus is.

Why are the phases of PST programs described as a circular process?

you always reassess at the end and try again