UNC RELI 161

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

1. Reformed Catholic Church discipline and reaffirmed church doctrine 2. Preserved the papacy as the center of Christianity 3. Confirmed all seven existing sacraments 4. Reaffirmed Latin as the language of worship 5. Forbade clerical marriage

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Qumran Community

2nd Century BCE- 1st Century CE documents: biblical commentaries, community regulations, hymns, washings for ritual purity. "sons of light"

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Eucharist

A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine.

Jacob Arminius

A Dutch Reformed theologian and student of Calvinism who took issue with some Calvinist doctrines, and in doing so created a movement called Arminianism in the 16th century

Pharisees

A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strict adherence to the Law.

Sadducees

A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strong commitment to the Temple in Jerusalem.

Anglicanism

A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England; Church of England; liturgy greatly influenced by Catholocism

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization; emerged in 16th century Germany

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

archbishop

A bishop of the highest rank, generally the bishop of an archdiocese.

Conversion

A change of heart, turning away from sin and toward God

Canterbury Tales

A collection of stories written in Middle-English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century. The tales are told as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey .

John the Baptist

A cousin of Jesus, older by six months. His baptizing and preaching in the wilderness prepared the way for Jesus.

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Grace

A free and unearned favor from God, infused into our souls at Baptism, that adopts us into God's family and helps us to live as his children.

Geoffrey Chaucer

Widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, he is best known for The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer has been styled the "Father of English literature"

Mishnah

Written down in about AD 200; contains collected teachings of the rabbis of the preceding four centuries; along with the Talmud, is the most important text of the oral Torah.

Donatio Constantine

a FORGED Roman imperial decree by which the 4th-century emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred vast territory and temporal authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope it had great influence on political and religious affairs in medieval Europe until it was clearly demonstrated to be a forgery in 15th century

Bulgarian Orthodoxy

self governing body, first slavic orthodox church; Greek Orthodoxy: branch of Eastern orthodox christianity, culturally influenced by the Byzantine empire, Romanian Orthodoxy: autocephalous Eastern orthodox church, Russian Orthodoxy: Eastern orthodox church, liturgy was originally in Slavonic language, Serbian Orthodoxy: second oldest slavic orthodox church, one of the autocephalous eastern orthodox churches, mainly in areas such as serbia, croatia, and bosnia.

Sacrament

something considered to have sacred significance

Bureaucratic authority

system of bishops/priests/councils/etc. that are instituted in new religious movements in order to create unity

Rule of Saint Benedict

the basic guide for religious life and discipline in communities throughout the Western World.

new religious movements

the broad range of religious and spiritual groups, cults, and sects that have emerged alongside mainstream religions

Heresy

the crime of holding a belief that goes against established doctrine

Protestantism

the faith, practice, and church order of the Protestant churches.

King James Bible

an English translation of the Bible published in 1611

Dante Alighieri

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321); calls out various political and religious leaders including Popes and bishops

Liturgy

the official public worship of the Church

Eusebius of Caesarea

an early Christian historian whose Ecclesiastical History preserved for later generations excerpts from a number of ancient Christian documents no longer available to us

United Methodist Church

an independent Protestant church founded by John Wesley, which began as a reform movement within the Church of England. It differed from the Church of England in its greater emphasis on personal spirituality, Bible study, evangelistic preaching, and lively services

Deacon

an ordained minister of an order ranking below that of priest

Dogma

an unproven principle or belief held to be true

Bishop of Rome

another name for the pope

Orthodoxy

authorized or generally accepted theory, doctrine, or practice

Mysticism

refers to the development of mystical practices and theory within Christianity. Mysticism is not so much a doctrine as a method of thought. It has often been connected to mystical theology, especially in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christianity.

Apostolic Reform Movement

reform movement conducted within a traditional Christian group; ex. Catholic Counter-Reformation

Laity

regular church members

Denominations

religious subgroups

English Reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom

Anti-Trinitarians

A group of radical Protestants that were exponents of a common sense, rational and ethical religion. Chief among this group were Michael Servetus and Lelio and Faustus Sozzini. These thinkers were the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination and have deserved reputations of defenders of religious tolerance; denied doctrine of the Trinity

Monophysitism

A heresy arising in the fifth century that claimed there is only one nature in the Person of Christ, his human nature having been incorporated into his divine nature

Arianism

A heresy developed in the late third century that denied Christ's full divinity, stating that Christ was a created being who was superior to human beings but inferior to God

Rabbi

A highly respected teacher of Jewish law or theology

Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

charisma

A magical-seeming ability to attract followers or inspire loyalty; said by Max Weber to be the beginning of New Religious Movements

Presbyterian

A member of a protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox

Billy Graham

An Evangelist fundamentalism preacher who gained a wide following in the 1950s with his appearances across the country and overseas during and after the war. He would commonly appear at religious rallies and allowed people to connect with and appreciate religion even more, causing thousands to attend his sermons. His prominence was so large that in 1996, he was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.

Apostolic Succession

An unbroken chain of power and authority connecting the pope and bishops to St. Peter and the Twelve Apostles of Jesus.

Church of England

Anglican Church

Council of Constance (1417)

ENDS THE GREAT SCHISM (= the period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes); 16th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church; called council in order to reunite Christendom but also to condemn the teachings of John Wycliffe and Jan Hus and to reform the church.

Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)

Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities; "Doctor of the Church"

John Wesley

English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791)

Second Temple Period

Era of Jewish history from ca. 539 B.C.E. to 70 C.E., when the Romans destroyed the Second Temple

Lord's Supper

Eucharistic doctrine espoused by Swiss reformer Zwingli whereby the Eucharist is a memorial of the Last Supper, but no changes occur in the elements.

Lent

Fasting and repentance during the time before Easter in commemoration of when Jesus fasted in the desert for 40 days

Trinity

Father, Son, Holy Spirit

Evangelical

Focusing on emotionally powerful preaching, rather than formal ceremonies, and on the teachings of the Bible.

Lollards

Followers of John Wycliffe

Pope John XXIII

Italian pope who called Vatican II, which brought the Church into modern times

St. Francis of Assisi

Italian saint who founded the Franciscan order of friars; treated all creatures, including animals, as spiritual brothers and sisters; born to wealthy merchant family and willingly gave up a life of comfort

Holy Land

Jerusalem and parts of the surrounding area where Jesus lived and taught

Jehovah's Witness

Not trinitarians in the traditional sense. Only Jehovah is fully God. Jesus is Son of god, a god, savior in heaven identical with the archangel Michael. Jesus nailed to a single beamed torture stake, resurrected in spirituality. Christmas and Easter= pagan holiday, no personal birthdays

Essenes

One of a separatist ancient Jewish group located near the Dead Sea (Qumran) which practiced rigorous asceticism and held apocalyptic and dualistic beliefs. Their community resembled a monastery. It is believed that John the Baptist was a member of the Essenes

Bishop

One who has received the fullness of the Sacrament of Holy Orders and is a successor to the Apostles.

Marian piety

Religiosity focused on Virgin Mary. More active role as intercessor of Jesus. She is viewed as more compassionate over "stern" Jesus. Personal connection, intercede with stern God. Huge appearance of her in art. Madonna with child. Assuming role of local patron saint.

Missions

Religious settlements run by Catholic priests and friars

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Richard Allen founded this first independent black Protestant run church in 1816 in the US. It supported abolition and founded educational institutions for free blacks

Litany

The calling on of saints for intercession, in contemporary said during church services

Talmud

The collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara.

Augsburg Confession

The definitive statement of Lutheran belief made in 1530

Old Testament

The forty-six books that make up the first part of the Bible and record salvation history before the coming of the Savior, Jesus Christ.

Higher Criticism of the Bible

The historical and anthropological analysis of religious documents and the Bible, not as holy texts, but as evidence in the history of humankind.

Jan Hus

The leader of the Czech religious reforms, and the spiritual founder of the Protestant reformation in the 1500's. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy.

Canterbury

The most important episcopal see in England in the sixth century and the site of St. Augustine's mission to England.

Passover

The night the Lord passed over the houses of the Israelites marked by the blood of the lamb, and spared the firstborn sons from death. It also is the feast that celebrates the deliverance of the Chosen People from bondage in Egypt and the Exodus from Egypt to the Promised Land.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Investiture Controversy

Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.

Sola Scriptura

"Scripture alone." It is the belief that all man needs for salvation is the Bible. This is a tenet for most Protestants.

Teresa of Avila

(1515-1582) Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period.

Pope John XXII

(1958-1963) One of most popular popes of all time, openness to change (aggiornamento), convened Second Vatican Council

Augustine of Hippo

(354 - 430) Bishop of Hippo who wrote Confessions and City of God, which formed the basis for the doctrine of man's salvation by divine grace for the church.

Dead Sea Scrolls

(Old Testament) a collection of written scrolls (containing nearly all of the Old Testament) found in a cave near the Dead Sea in the late 1940s

Santiago de Compostela

(burial site of St. James), most popular pilgrimage site, located toward the northwestern tip of Spain.

John Wycliffe

(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.

Pelagius

(ca. 360-420) - British monk who debated with Augustine over the nature of the human will. Pelagius taught that human nature is essentially good, that humans can avoid sinning, and that humans can freely choose to obey God's commands. He was condemned as a heretic by the Council of Carthage in 418.

Logos

Divine reason, the absolute to which everything else is relative. Also a term for the Word of God, which many consider to be the Bible

Protestantism and the Spirit of Capitalism

- Many business leaders and company owners are Protestants (multiple nationalities represented) - Due to historic consequences (richer districts converted to Protestantism - Protestants tend to educate children in a way that leads them to industry, while Christians do so in a way that keeps children in handicrafts - Protestants more inclined to develop economic rationalism - Catholics more ascetic and "otherworldly" than Protestants --> not as interested in material gains

Pope Boniface VIII

A notoriously corrupt pope who reigned from 1294 to 1303, Boniface made a concerted attempt to increase the political might of the Catholic Church and was thus a political enemy of Dante, who advocated a separation of church and state.

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.; allowed for spread of Christianity

hermit

A person who lives a solitary life in order to commit himself or herself more fully to prayer and in some cases to be completely free for service to others.

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Marcion

A second-century Christian scholar and evangelist, later labeled a heretic for his docetic Christology and his belief in two Gods-- the harsh legalistic God of the Jews and the merciful loving God of Jesus-- views that he claimed to have found in the writings of Paul.

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Social Gospel Movement

A social reform movement that developed within religious institutions and sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society

Purgatory

A state of final purification or cleansing, which one may need to enter following death and before entering Heaven

Great Awakening (1739-1744)

A sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

Blood Libel

A superstition that the Jews would cut Christian children and take their blood for rituals

New Christians

A term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula who accepted Christianity; in many cases they included Christians whose families had converted centuries earlier.

ex opere operato

A term in sacramental theology (literally, "by the work done"), meaning that sacraments are effective by means of the sacramental rites themselves, and not because of the worthiness of the minister or recipient.

Just War

A war which is fought for the right reasons and in a right way

Monasticism

A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith

Paul

A.D. 11-67 Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world

Confession

Acknowledging and telling one's sins to a priest. Honest confession of sins is an essential part of the Sacrament of Penance.

Waldensians

Ascetic Christians that regarded the church as corrupt. Advocated simple lives. Allowed the laity to administer sacraments. Did not hesitate to criticize the Church. Condemned as heretical. Some still around today

Pope John Paul II

Assumed Papacy 1979, Conservative Pope, against strengthening women's position in church, more staunch on birth control

Ecstasy

Being transported outside of oneself into a state of union with God. In this union there is no longer individuality; the believer ceases to be an entity apart from God. This is an idea that arose during the time of medieval mysticism.

The New Knighthood

Bernard of Clairvoux also wrote In Praise of the New Knighthood (c. 1136), which defended the order against its critics and contributed to its growth. In 1139 Pope Innocent II issued a bull that granted the order special privileges: the Templars were allowed to build their own oratories and were not required to pay the tithe; they were also exempt from episcopal jurisdiction, being subject to the pope alone.

Catholic Church

Branch of Christianity established in 1054 and establishes itself in Western Europe. Noted for its separation from the political sphere, celibacy in its clergy, and instance of the bishop of Rome, or pope, as its ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Reformed Tradition

Calvinism

Unam Sanctum

Document written by Pope Boniface that states ultimate authority over the church and people's salvation

Christology

The branch of Christian theology that studies the nature, Person, and works of Jesus Christ.

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

Desert Fathers

Christian men who lived alone in desert territories of northern Africa and the Middle East in order to sacrifice their lives to Christ. Some women also choose this lifestyle.

Fundamentalism

Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied

Knights Templar

Considered the most famous of the Western Christian military orders. The organization existed for approximately two centuries in the Middle Ages. In 1307, many of the Order's members in France were arrested, tortured into giving false confessions, and then burned at the stake. Under pressure from King Philip, Pope Clement V disbanded the Order in 1312.; protected Pilgrims

Constantine

Constantine the Great was the first Roman emperor to profess Christianity during 312-337. He not only initiated the evolution of the empire into a Christian state but also provided the impulse for a distinctively Christian culture that prepared the way for the growth of Byzantine and Western medieval culture. His rule led to emergence of christian liturgy Made Constantinople new capital Ordered christian jews to abandon judaism or they would be killed Council of Nicea

Dominican Order

Founded by a Spanish priest named Dominic de Guzman, believed in a vow of poverty, he believed; however, that poverty was a way to attract converts and save heretics, saw the true mission of his order to end heresy

Benedict of Nursia

Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire.

Nag Hammadi

Gnostic texts that were written in the 2nd century, although the texts indicate that they were written by people like Thomas who were alive when Jesus was they most likely were not, texts are a mix of christianity and roman and greek religious beliefs and contradict many christian teachings

Septuagint

Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible

Donatists

HERETICS; an African sect/band of christians that insisted that sacraments were effective only when administered by morally faultless clergy; became a purity sect

St. Dominic

He established an order which combined the rule of poverty and the practice of mendicancy with careful study and informed preaching

Pope Francis

He is the current Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church

Albigensians

Heretics who saw all material things as evil, spurred the Inquisition; Dualists; 3rd Century AD; Cathars = "pure ones"

Elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

Pope Urban II

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

Philip Melanchthon

Luther's close friend and coworker. He drew up the Augsburg Confession.

Enlightenment

Marked the true turning point in Western religious thought, for only now did questions about biblical authority and the progress of rational humanity challenge traditional views of revelation and sinfulness. (Late 17th and the 18th centuries) There was a lack of religious enthusiasm during the 18th century. Methodism started during this time in an attempt to restore vitality to worship

Max Weber (1864-1920)

Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist, he relates protestantism to capitalism; Protestantism offers a concept of the worldly "calling" and gives worldly activity a religious character

Teutonic Knights

Militant crusading order of Christian soldiers who fought against Muslim Turks during the Crusades

Mary

Mother of Jesus; theotokos

abolition

Movement to end slavery

Eschatology

Part of theology concerned with judgement and the afterlife, the Christian idea of the end of the world. By casting eschatology philosophical defenders of the Christian worldview were able to present the Christian message of a transcendent reality as superior to a frail and changing world of falsehood.

Stigmata

Phenomenon in which a person bears all or some of the wounds of Christ in his or her own body.

Vatican II

Pope John XXIII called the conference which met in four sessions between 1962-65. The purpose was to bring the church up to date (aggiornamento).

reformed papacy

Pope Paul III established Reform Commission (1537), who blamed church's problems on corruption of church leadership

Pietists

Protestants who stress a religion of the heart and the spirit of Christian living

Religio Licita

legal religion

Baptism

Sacrament by which God cleanses all sin, and one becomes a member of the church.

St. Claire

Saint Clare of Assisi is an Italian saint and one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. She founded the Order of Poor Ladies, a monastic religious order for women in the Franciscan tradition, and wrote their Rule of Life, the first set of monastic guidelines known to have been written by a woman; privileged with papal protection before the male branch

Messiah

Savior sent by God

Revivalism

Second Great Awakening led to it. Revived a great faith in Christianity with more Americans belonging to the church. HS: Led to more people advocating equal rights such as blacks and women.

Southern Baptist

Similar to Baptist Church, but no female pastors, condemn same-sex marriage; Originally split with Baptist Church due to disagreements over slavery

Cistercians

So called "White Monks," after the color of their habits, this order was founded by the Cluniac monk St. Robert of Molesme in 1098. They adopted the Benedictine rule and placed a special emphasis on austerities, farming, simplicity, and strictness in daily life.

Liberal Christianity

Taken as a whole, although it has its nuances, Christianity that has the following ideological characteristics: Jesus as a model of inclusiveness, justifying faith by reason and scripture equally, leaving personal moral decisions to the individual, a large support of social justice

Oral Law

The "law" developed by later rabbis that was meant to interpret the "written" law of Moses.

Conciliar Movement

The Conciliar Movement was a Christian reform movement in the 14th and 15th centuries in the Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Church as a corporation of Christians, embodied by a general church council, not with the Pope.

Immaculate Conception

The belief that Mary was conceived without Original Sin

Synoptic Problem

The problem of explaining the similarities and differences between the three Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke)

exegesis

The process used by scholars to discover the meaning of the biblical text

New Testament

The second part of the Christian Bible, containing descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus and of his early followers

Evangelism

The spreading of the Christian gospel by public preaching or personal witness

Replacement Theology

Theology that believes that the Church has replaced Israel in the redemptive purposes of God. There is no future for ethnic Israel.

Parting of the Ways

This refers to the split between Judaism and Christianity. The start of the following of Jesus happened in the gospels, which were written about 40-70 years after Jesus's lifetime. Essentially, Jesus was a movement that became a sect of Judaism after his death. Eventually, the incorporation of gentiles and their dismissal of observing all the commandments of the Torah make them a non-Jewish society and a non-Jewish religion. The destruction of the Second Temple, the failed rebellion of Judaea, and the emergence of rabbinic Judaism create and form a new Jewish religion. The Parting of the Ways is specifically a process, and not an event. It is the way by which Jews and Christians came to occupy different social networks, separate institutions, and political structures.

Apostolic Fathers

Those Fathers of the Church who were direct disciples of the Apostles and wrote during the end of the first century and the beginning of the second century.

priesthood

When a transitional deacon is ready, he is ordained by the bishop with Holy Orders to the priesthood.

Epistles

letters found in the New Testament to the early Christian communities about God's Revelation in Jesus Christ

Calvinism

a branch of protestantism of John Calvin and other reformation thinkers, there are five main beliefs: Total depravity- all human beings are sinful and born inherently-sinful Unconditional election- god predestines individuals for salvation Limited atonement- god sent Jesus to die only for the sins of his chosen saints only, not those of unbelievers Irresistible grace- god's chosen elect cannot resist God's grace in their lives Perseverance of the saints- once an individual is saved, they can never lose this salvation

invesiture

a ceremony in which a person formally receives the authority and symbols of an office

oblate

a lay person dedicated to religious work or the religious life

Ecumenical Movement

a movement among Protestant groups aimed at universal Christian unity

heretic

a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church

Convent

a religious residence especially for nuns

Mourner's Bench

a technique used during the Second Great Awakening (1790), the mourner's bench was usually placed in the center of the congregation during camp meetings. People went to the bench when they considered themselves ready to abandon a life of sin, accompanied by intense praying, exhortations by the preacher and the congregation crying, singing, and spiritual exercises. It is a personal journey from unbelief to faith and a public proclamation of commitment to change in one's life.

Salvation

acceptance into heaven

Arminian Theology

based on a far more optimistic view of human nature than its opposite theology of Calvinism (or Lutheranism for that matter) held and was thought to diminish Christ's atonement by making it merely additional to human effort; reclamation of early church theological consensus; used to explain God's relationship to humanity and how God saves people (some basic teachings=God desires salvation of everyone; every person has the ability to accept/reject Jesus in faith--while Calvinism suggests that only the elect can reach conditions of salvation; predestination)

Patriarch

biblical figures regarded as the father of the human race such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; highest ranking bishops in many churches such as Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental orthodoxy, catholic

Apocrypha

biblical or related writings not forming part of the accepted canon of Scripture

Uniate Churches

churches in the eastern orthodox world and farther east with which the roman catholic church established relations, recognizing their distinctive rites, conducted in languages other than latin, and their married clergy.

Gnostics

claimed that God's real revelation was available only as secret knowledge to a select few

Council of Chalcedon (451)

condemns monophysite and Nestorian heresies thus confirming two distinct natures in Christ; approved Nicene Creed; The overall effect was to give the church a more stable institutional character.

Vatican I

convoked by Pope Pius IX to deal with rising influence of rationalism, liberalism, and materialism

Council of Nicea (325)

declared that Jesus is truly God; declared that God the Son is "of the same substance" as God the Father, Arianism was denied.

Contemplation

refers to several Christian practices which aim at "looking at", "gazing at", "being aware of" God or the Divine. It includes several practices and theological concepts; now called mysticism

Apocalypse

end of the world

Sola Fide

faith alone

Niagara Conference

first meeting of The Niagara Movement, a group of African-Americans, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, John Hope, and William Monroe Trotter. Instrumental in forming the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

schism

formal split within the church

Franciscans

founded by St. Francis; order stressed vows of poverty and gentleness to all creatures

Covenant Theology

is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for understanding the overall structure of the Bible. It uses the theological concept of a covenant as an organizing principle for Christian theology

Apostle

literally "one who is sent"; one commissioned directly from Christ

Eastern Churches

major bodies including the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox churches, the Eastern Catholic Churches, and the denominations descended from the Church of the East

Benedictine Order

monastic order founded by St. Benedict; monks take vows of personal poverty, chastity and obedience to their Abbot and the Benedictine rule

Patristic

of or relating to the church fathers or their writings

Baptist Church

one of the major Protestant denominations in Georgia; grew rapidly from 1790-1830; no national council. strict moral prohibitions

Friars

people who belonged to religious orders but lived and worked among the general public

Three vows

poverty, chastity, and obedience

The Catholic Reformation

promoted varied media to disseminate ideas and promote the faith; utilized THE SENSES: art, scent, music, light, darkness, movements, etc.=EMOTIONAL APPEAL; Baroque Art/Architecture used to point to faith/richness/triumphs of catholicism

Communion

the service of Christian worship at which bread and wine are consecrated and shared. "This do in remembrance of me." sometimes referred to as the Lord's Supper, is a celebration of Christ's death and Resurrection

Archbishop of Canterbury

the spiritual leader of the Anglican church, based in England

Canon

those canonical scriptures of the Bible are those considered "divinely inspired"; set of texts/scripture a religious community regards as authoritative scripture

Knights Hospitalers

took care of sick pilgrims and served as a medical corps for the crusaders

City of God

written by Augustine of Hippo; a pivotal text of Medieval Church; epic survey on the course of both pagan and Christian civilization