Understanding business - chapter 10

Hawthorne study-factors that contributed to increased worker productivity

Social group membership and informality, management respect and interaction, worker involvement in managerial decisions.

Extrinsic reward

Something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; including pay increases, praise, and promotions

scientific management method

Study the most efficient way to do a task, determine the one best way to do the task, teach people the one best way to do their jobs.

Expectancy theory

The amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome

Equity theory

The idea that employees try to maintain fairness between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions.

Intrinsic reward

The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals.

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

The principle of motion economy was developed by:

fear and punishment

a theory x manager is likely to think that the primary motivators are:

Scientific management

a type of management where one studies workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaches people those techniques

Time-motion studies

begun by Frederick Taylor, where tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task

Hygiene factors

in Hertzberg's theory, these are job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased.

discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives

list the steps involved in an organization's management by objectives

unmet needs

mallow's theory states that people are motivated only by:

Maslow

who suggested that the levels of the hierarchy our psychological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs

Motivators

In Hertzberg's theory, these are job factors that cause employees to be productive and give satisfaction

Job enlargement

Increasing the scope of the job by combining several tasks into a single, more challenging assignment

Management by objectives

Is most effective in stable situations that allow managers to make long-range plans with a few changes; Drucker's Goal-setting theory

Theory X

Management view that employees are lazy, I'm interested in work, and need to be prodded to perform their jobs.

Theory Y

Management view that employees enjoy work and take responsibility for meeting their work requirements

Theory Z

Management view that employees involvement in the organization and decision-making leads to productivity

content theory

Maslow's & hertzberg's theories are considered:

no longer motivate

Maslow's theory states that once needs are met they:

Theory Y

Most people like work, most people except and seek responsibility, most people are capable of creativity to solve problems, and a commitment to goals depends on perceived your awards for achieving them.

Job rotation

Motivation strategy in which employees are moved between two or more jobs in the plant manner

Job enrichment

Motivation technique to improve job satisfaction by incorporating task variety and responsibility

Goal-setting theory

The idea that setting ambitious But attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance is if the goals are excepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions.

Principle of motion economy

Theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions

Reinforcement theory

Theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways.

lower level

a higher level need on Maslow's hierarchy will not be a motivator until what needs have been satisfied?

job enlargement

combining tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment for a worker is called:

a collaborative work environment and stock options or equity stakes

small business can motivate their workers without increasing costs by giving them:

Theory X

these managers give workers little responsibility, authority, or flexibility. Assumptions are that workers prefer to avoid responsibility, and that workers are motivated by fear and money.

process theories

these theories try to explain why behaviors are initiated. focuses on mechanism by which we choose a target, and the effort that we exert to hit the target.

content theories

theses theories tells us that individuals have needs and if you can help them fulfill those needs, you will motivate the workers to higher productivity; what motivates people

three elements basic to fredrick taylor's approach:

time, methods, and rolls of work.

physiological

under the Maslow hierarchy what section do food, shelter, and clothing fall under?

scientific

which type of management became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s?

Nadler and Lawlers -modification to expectancy theory

1. Determine what rewards employees value 2. Determine each employees desired performance standard 3. Ensure that performance standards are attainable 4. Guarantee rewords tied to performance 5. Be certain that employees consider the rewards adequate.

expectancy theory steps to implement

1. determine what rewards employees value 2.determine each employees desired performance standard 3. ensure that performance standards are attainable 4. guarantee rewards tied to performance 5. be certain the employees consider the rewards adequate

Hawthorne effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

Job enrichment

A motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself. It is based in part on the Herzberg's theroy of higher-level motivators such as responsibility, achievement, and recognition.

Management by objectives

A system of goalsetting and implementation: involves the cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees.

Vroom's Expectancy Theory

Before committing maximum effort to a task employees will first ask themselves three questions: 1.) Can I accomplish this time? 2.) If I accomplish it will I be awarded? 3.) Is the reward worth the effort?

Fredrick Taylor

Father of scientific management

managers by objectives must

Formulate goals cooperatively with employees, to commit employees to those goals, and monitor results for rewards accomplished.