Understanding the Potential Dangers of Adverse Environmental Consideration
What temperature does shivering cease?
85F-90F
Radiation
Heat generated from metabolism METABOLISM HEAT
The heat index takes both ______ and ____ into account and attempts to determine how hot it actually feels to the human
ambient air temperature, relative humidity
Heat syncope prevention:
Acclimatize athlete and make sure he ors he is appropriately hydrated
Acclimatization
Adaptation to a new temperature, altitude, climate, environment, or situation
Which empties into the intestine fast, cold drinks or drinks at room temperature?
Cold
Exertional heat cramps cause:
Hard work in heat; sweating heavily; imbalance between water and electrolytes
What are extremely painful muscle spasms?
Heat cramps
Which heat illness is associated with rapid physical fatigue during over exposure to heat?
Heat syncope
What causes hyperthermia
Hot, humid, sunny conditons
Hyperthermia
Increased body temperature
Heat cramps
Painful muscle spasms, primarily due to dehydration
Where do exertion heat cramps occur most commonly?
in calf and abdomen, although any muscle can be involved
water is absorbed rapidly from the ________
intestine
What is an aspiration psychrometer
suction fan
hyperthermia prevention:
unrestricted fluid replacement, gradual acclimatization, identification of susceptible individuals, lightweight uniforms, routine weight record keeping
Chilling prevention:
warm-up suits should be worn before exercise, during activity breaks or rest periods, and at the termination of exercise WARM SUITS
The air must be relatively free of what for evaporation to occur?
water
The what provides an objective means for determining necessary precautions for practice and competition in hot weather.
wet bulb globe temperature index
The wet bulb temperature is recorded by using a what?
wet wick or piece of gauze wrapped around the end of a thermometer that is swung around in the air
Complete acclimatization may take a minimum of _________
10-14 days
Optimal level of carbohydrates is ________ of water for quickest absorption and energy
14 grams per 8 ounces
fluid is most effectively replaced at regular intervals of about _________
15 minutes
Overweight individuals may have as much as _________ greater heat production than underweight individuals because ________
18%, metabolic heat is produced proportionately to surface area
What percent of thunder cannot be heard because of atmospheric disturbances?
20-40%
A loss of _________ of body weight reduces blood volume and could lead to a health threat
3-5%
individuals with a family history of skin cancer, they should wear SPF ______
30
When the flash-to-bang count is at ______ there is inherent danger.
30 (6 miles)
What temperature is the air relatively comfortable at?
50F
beverages containing _____ percent __________ are absorbed at about the same rate as water as long as there is normal hydration.
6, carbohydrate
Heat loss through evaporation is severely impaired when the relative humidity reaches what and virtually stops when the humidity reaches what?
65 percent, 75 percent
How long does recording the temperature take?
90 seconds
The rate of cure exceeds _______
95 percent with early detection and treatment
What does the glob temperature use to measure?
A black metal casing around the end of the thermometer
Heat exhaustion
A condition characterized by profuse sweating and excessive thirst
Frostbite
A condition due to cold exposure; skin is pale, hard, cold, and waxy
Frostnip
A condition that commonly occurs with high winds and sever cold, affecting the nose, ears, fingers, and toes
Six actions that can be taken to prevent heat illness
Acclimatize athlete over 1-14 days Educate athlete and coach regarding prevention, recognition, and treatment Educate athlete to balance fluid intake with sweat and urine losses Encourage 6-8 hours of sleep per night in a cool environment Provide adequate supply of water or sports drink Minimize warm-up time in hot, humid conditions ACCLIMATIZE-EDUCATE-ENCOURAGE SLEEP-SUPPLY-MINIZIME HEAT
What does an SPF of 6 indicate?
An athlete can be exposed to UVR six times longer than without a sunscreen before the skin will begin to turn red
Who is vulnerable to heat stress?
Athletes who exercise in hot, humid environments
Which individuals are more susceptible to heat related problems?
Athletes with a large muscle mass, overweight individuals, child and elderly adults, those with poor fitness levels and a history of heat illness, anyone with a febrile condition
Recommendations for fluid replacement: 8 steps:
Being hydrated Consume 17-20 ounces of drink 2-3 hours before exercise and then 7-10 ounces 20 minutes before exercise Easily accessible fluid replacements and should be consumed a minimal rate of 7-10 ounces every 10-20 minutes During activity, athlete should consume maximal amount of fluid that can be tolerated Cool, flavored beverage at 50F-59F is recommended Addition of proper amount of carbohydrates and electrolytes to a fluid replacement solution: IF EXERCISE LASTS MORE THAN 1 HOUR. 6% carbohydrate solution appears to be optimal Lasting less than 1 hour: not additions of carbs and electros.
How is heat syncope treated?
By laying the athlete down in a cool environment, elevating the lower extremities, and replacing fluids
To prevent sweating as the temperature decreases or increases:
Clothing should not restrict movement: lightweight Material should wick moisture from sweat away from body Dress in thin layers that can easily be added or removed NO RESTRICTION-MOISTURE WICK-THIN LAYERS
What signs and symptoms would be present in a person suffering from heat exhaustion?
Collapsing, profuse sweating, pale skin, mILdly elevated temperatures, dizziness, hyperventilation, rapid pulse
Heat can be gained through _________ if the surrounding environment is hotter than the body temp or if the body is exposed to direct sunlight.
Conduction, convection, and radiation
The body dissipates heat through what four mechanisms?
Conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation
Convection
Contact with a cooler air or water masks
Hypothermia
Decreased body temperature
Conduction
Direct contact with a cooler object D FOR DIRECT
Flash-to-bang method
Estimates how far away lightning is occurring; determined by the number of second from the lighting flash until the sound of thunder, divided by 5 FTB count is at 30 (6 miles) there is inherent danger and conditions should be closely monitored. Everyone should leave field immediately and seeks safe shelter. 30 minutes should pass after hearing last sound of thunder before resuming game.
Most of the heat that is dissipated from the body is through the process of what?
Evaporation
How would you care for someone in heat stroke?
Get athlete into cool environment. Strip all clothing off athlete Immerse athlete in cold water, if possible, or Place ice bags in armpits, groin, and neck, or sponge down. COOL-STRIP-IMMERSE/ICE
Recommendation for preventing heat illness:
Identify susceptible individuals Educate 6-8 hours of sleep Monitor environmental conditions Weigh athletes
Frostbite treatment:
Immediate hospitalization, gradual rewarming is required, including hot drinks, heating pads, or hot water bottles that are 100F-110F HOSPITAL-REWARM
How would you care for someone who has heat exhaustion?
Ingestion eventually replacement of large quantities of fluid: INGEST AND REPLACE
What is the skin like for frost nip?
Initially appears very firm, with cold, painless areas that may peel or blister in 24-72 hours.
Why is water nor a good rehydrator?
It turns off your thirst before you're completely rehydrated, and turns on the kidneys prematurely so you lose fluid in the form or urine
Heat stroke
LIFE THREATENING-THERMOREGULATORY FAILURE-NO SWEAT
Hyponatremia
LOW SODIUM
What causes hypothermia
Lightning and thunderstorms; and overexposure to the sun
Heat can be gained or lost through:
M PRODUCTION-C/C/R HEAT EXCHANGE- E HEAT LOSS
When is sunscreen most needed between?
March and November; 10AM and 4PM
Most serious effects off long term exposure to UVR
Premature aging of the skin, cancer
What can result in heat illness?
Prolonged exposure to extreme heat
Some athletes have medical conditions such as ____________ which make them more susceptible to the dangers of exercising in hot humid conditions
Sickle-cell trait
What causes heat syncope?
Standing in heat for long periods, or by not being accustomed to exercising in the heat,
What signs and symptoms are present in heat stroke?
Sudden collapse w/loss of consciousness; flushed, hot skin; less sweating than is seen with heat exhaustion; shallow breathing; rapid, strong pulse; most important: core temperatures of 105F or higher. COLLAPSE-LOC-HOT SKIN-LESS SWEAT-SHORT BREATH-STRONG PULSE-105+
What does SPF stand for?
Sun protection factor
Evaporation
Sweat evaporating from the skin surface
Frostbite involves only what?
The skin and subcutaneous tissue
What does globe temperature measure?
The sun's radiation
What does the psychrometer consists of?
The wet bulb thermometer, and the dry bulb thermometer
In a psychrometer, when the cloth is soaked and the thermometers are properly ventilated, which bulb temperature will be lower lower than the other? Why?
Wet bulb, because of cooling due to the evaporation of water from the cloth
What is a lightning detector:
a hand-held instrument with an electronic system to detect the presence and the distance of lightning/thunder storm activity occurring within a 40-mile distance
What is the wet bulb thermometer covered with?
a jacket of tight-fitting muslin cloth that can be saturate with distilled water.
What is the dry bulb temperature recorded from?
a standard mercury thermometer
exertional heatstroke symptoms:
abrupt onset, preceded by headache, vertigo, and fatigue, flushed skin; relatively less sweating than seen with heat exhaustion; pulse rate increases rapidly and may reach 160-180; respiration increase; blood pressure seldom rises; temperature rises rapidly to 104F; athlete feels as if he or she is burning up; diarrhea, vomiting; circulatory collapse may produce death; can lead to permanent brain damage
exertion heat cramps prevention:
acclimatize athlete properly; provide large quantities of water; increase intake of sodium, calcium, and potassium
Frostnip treatment:
apply firm, sustained pressured of the hand (without rubbing), by blowing hot breath on the spot, or if the injury is to the fingertips, by placing them in the armpits
exertional heat exhaustion treatment:
bed rest in cool room, immediate oral fluid replacement, increase fluid intake to 6-8 l/day; sponge with cool water; keep record of body weight; keep fluid balance record; provide semiliquid food until sanitation is normal, IV fluids if drinking is impaired
Because dehydration reduces _________, less fluid is available for warming the ________
blood volume, tissues
Most common malignant tumor found in humans and has been epidemiologically and clinical associated with exposure to UVR
cancer
exertional heatstroke treatment:
cold water immersion, sponge cool water and air fan over body, massage limbs; transport to hospital as soon as possible: COOL AND TRANSPORT
Sports drinks should be used without ________
diluting
What does heat syncope result in?
dizziness, fainting, and nausea
exertional hyponatremia treatment:
do not try to rehydrate; transport to medical facility; sodium levels must be increased and fluids levels decreased
Premature aging of the skin is characterized by:
dryness, cracking, and a decrease in the elasticity of the skin
exertional heatstroke prevention:
ensure proper acclimatization, proper hydration, educate those supervising activities conducted in the heat, adapt activities to environment, screen participants with past history of heat illness for malignant hyperthermia
Define flash-to-bang:
estimates how far away lightning is occurring, determined by the humber of seconds from the lightning flash until the sound of thunder, divided by 5
exertion heat exhaustion symptoms:
excessive thirst, dry tongue and mouth; weight loss; fatigue; weakness; incoordination; mental dullness; small urine volume; slightly elevated body temperature; high serum protein and sodium; reduced swelling
single most important step that can be taken to minimize the change of heat illness:
fluid replacement
Sports drinks replace both __________ and ___________ that are lost in sweat and also provide energy to the working muscles
fluid, electrolytes
exertional hyponatremia cause:
fluid/electrolyte disorder resulting in low concentration of sodium in the blood
What is heat syncope also known as?
heat collapse
exertional hyponatremia prevention:
hydrate with sports drinks; increase sodium intake; make sure fluid intake equals fluid loss
Risks of hypothermia:
inactivity, chill factor, wind, dampness or wetness.
exertion heat crams treatment:
ingesting large amount of water and sodium, mild stretching, and ice massage of affected muscle
Exertional heat cramps symptoms:
muscle twitching and cramps, usually after midday; spasms in arm, legs and abdomen
A relatively small drop in body core temperature can induce shivering sufficient to materially affect the athlete's _______
neuromuscular coordination
exertional hyponatremia symptoms:
progressively worsening headache, nausea and vomiting, swelling in hands and feet, lethargy or apathy, low blood sodium, compromised CNS
exertional heat exhaustion cause:
prolonged sweating; inadequate replacement of body fluid losses; diarrhea; intestinal infection
The dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature can easily be measured using a what?
psychrometer
At what core temperature is death imminent?
rises to 107F or drops to 77F and 85F.
What in sports drink allows the body to hold onto fluid consumed rather than losing it through urine?
small amounts of sodium
Ventilation is provided by a what or what?
suction fan, or by whirling the thermometers at the nd of a handle
exertional heat exhaustion prevention:
supply adequate water and other liquids, provide adequate rest and opportunity for cooling SUPPLY-REST AND COOLING
When the temperature and radiant heat of the environment become higher than body temperature, loss of body heat comes highly dependent on the process of what?
sweat evaporation
What in the skin allow water to be transported to the surface, where it evaporates, taking large quantities of heat with it.
sweat glands
what do lightning detectors allow you to know?
the level of activity of the the storm and determine whether the storm is moving toward, away from, or pallet to your position. When it detects a L stroke, it emits an audible warning tone and lights the range indicator, allowing you to see the distance to the last, closest detected lightning strike
exertional heatstroke cause:
thermoregulatory failure of sudden onset
What happens during rewarming of frostbite?
tissue becomes blotchy, red, swollen, and extremely painful. Later the injury may become gangrenous, causing loss of tissue