Understanding the Potential Dangers of Adverse Environmental Consideration

What temperature does shivering cease?

85F-90F

Radiation

Heat generated from metabolism METABOLISM HEAT

The heat index takes both ______ and ____ into account and attempts to determine how hot it actually feels to the human

ambient air temperature, relative humidity

Heat syncope prevention:

Acclimatize athlete and make sure he ors he is appropriately hydrated

Acclimatization

Adaptation to a new temperature, altitude, climate, environment, or situation

Which empties into the intestine fast, cold drinks or drinks at room temperature?

Cold

Exertional heat cramps cause:

Hard work in heat; sweating heavily; imbalance between water and electrolytes

What are extremely painful muscle spasms?

Heat cramps

Which heat illness is associated with rapid physical fatigue during over exposure to heat?

Heat syncope

What causes hyperthermia

Hot, humid, sunny conditons

Hyperthermia

Increased body temperature

Heat cramps

Painful muscle spasms, primarily due to dehydration

Where do exertion heat cramps occur most commonly?

in calf and abdomen, although any muscle can be involved

water is absorbed rapidly from the ________

intestine

What is an aspiration psychrometer

suction fan

hyperthermia prevention:

unrestricted fluid replacement, gradual acclimatization, identification of susceptible individuals, lightweight uniforms, routine weight record keeping

Chilling prevention:

warm-up suits should be worn before exercise, during activity breaks or rest periods, and at the termination of exercise WARM SUITS

The air must be relatively free of what for evaporation to occur?

water

The what provides an objective means for determining necessary precautions for practice and competition in hot weather.

wet bulb globe temperature index

The wet bulb temperature is recorded by using a what?

wet wick or piece of gauze wrapped around the end of a thermometer that is swung around in the air

Complete acclimatization may take a minimum of _________

10-14 days

Optimal level of carbohydrates is ________ of water for quickest absorption and energy

14 grams per 8 ounces

fluid is most effectively replaced at regular intervals of about _________

15 minutes

Overweight individuals may have as much as _________ greater heat production than underweight individuals because ________

18%, metabolic heat is produced proportionately to surface area

What percent of thunder cannot be heard because of atmospheric disturbances?

20-40%

A loss of _________ of body weight reduces blood volume and could lead to a health threat

3-5%

individuals with a family history of skin cancer, they should wear SPF ______

30

When the flash-to-bang count is at ______ there is inherent danger.

30 (6 miles)

What temperature is the air relatively comfortable at?

50F

beverages containing _____ percent __________ are absorbed at about the same rate as water as long as there is normal hydration.

6, carbohydrate

Heat loss through evaporation is severely impaired when the relative humidity reaches what and virtually stops when the humidity reaches what?

65 percent, 75 percent

How long does recording the temperature take?

90 seconds

The rate of cure exceeds _______

95 percent with early detection and treatment

What does the glob temperature use to measure?

A black metal casing around the end of the thermometer

Heat exhaustion

A condition characterized by profuse sweating and excessive thirst

Frostbite

A condition due to cold exposure; skin is pale, hard, cold, and waxy

Frostnip

A condition that commonly occurs with high winds and sever cold, affecting the nose, ears, fingers, and toes

Six actions that can be taken to prevent heat illness

Acclimatize athlete over 1-14 days Educate athlete and coach regarding prevention, recognition, and treatment Educate athlete to balance fluid intake with sweat and urine losses Encourage 6-8 hours of sleep per night in a cool environment Provide adequate supply of water or sports drink Minimize warm-up time in hot, humid conditions ACCLIMATIZE-EDUCATE-ENCOURAGE SLEEP-SUPPLY-MINIZIME HEAT

What does an SPF of 6 indicate?

An athlete can be exposed to UVR six times longer than without a sunscreen before the skin will begin to turn red

Who is vulnerable to heat stress?

Athletes who exercise in hot, humid environments

Which individuals are more susceptible to heat related problems?

Athletes with a large muscle mass, overweight individuals, child and elderly adults, those with poor fitness levels and a history of heat illness, anyone with a febrile condition

Recommendations for fluid replacement: 8 steps:

Being hydrated Consume 17-20 ounces of drink 2-3 hours before exercise and then 7-10 ounces 20 minutes before exercise Easily accessible fluid replacements and should be consumed a minimal rate of 7-10 ounces every 10-20 minutes During activity, athlete should consume maximal amount of fluid that can be tolerated Cool, flavored beverage at 50F-59F is recommended Addition of proper amount of carbohydrates and electrolytes to a fluid replacement solution: IF EXERCISE LASTS MORE THAN 1 HOUR. 6% carbohydrate solution appears to be optimal Lasting less than 1 hour: not additions of carbs and electros.

How is heat syncope treated?

By laying the athlete down in a cool environment, elevating the lower extremities, and replacing fluids

To prevent sweating as the temperature decreases or increases:

Clothing should not restrict movement: lightweight Material should wick moisture from sweat away from body Dress in thin layers that can easily be added or removed NO RESTRICTION-MOISTURE WICK-THIN LAYERS

What signs and symptoms would be present in a person suffering from heat exhaustion?

Collapsing, profuse sweating, pale skin, mILdly elevated temperatures, dizziness, hyperventilation, rapid pulse

Heat can be gained through _________ if the surrounding environment is hotter than the body temp or if the body is exposed to direct sunlight.

Conduction, convection, and radiation

The body dissipates heat through what four mechanisms?

Conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation

Convection

Contact with a cooler air or water masks

Hypothermia

Decreased body temperature

Conduction

Direct contact with a cooler object D FOR DIRECT

Flash-to-bang method

Estimates how far away lightning is occurring; determined by the number of second from the lighting flash until the sound of thunder, divided by 5 FTB count is at 30 (6 miles) there is inherent danger and conditions should be closely monitored. Everyone should leave field immediately and seeks safe shelter. 30 minutes should pass after hearing last sound of thunder before resuming game.

Most of the heat that is dissipated from the body is through the process of what?

Evaporation

How would you care for someone in heat stroke?

Get athlete into cool environment. Strip all clothing off athlete Immerse athlete in cold water, if possible, or Place ice bags in armpits, groin, and neck, or sponge down. COOL-STRIP-IMMERSE/ICE

Recommendation for preventing heat illness:

Identify susceptible individuals Educate 6-8 hours of sleep Monitor environmental conditions Weigh athletes

Frostbite treatment:

Immediate hospitalization, gradual rewarming is required, including hot drinks, heating pads, or hot water bottles that are 100F-110F HOSPITAL-REWARM

How would you care for someone who has heat exhaustion?

Ingestion eventually replacement of large quantities of fluid: INGEST AND REPLACE

What is the skin like for frost nip?

Initially appears very firm, with cold, painless areas that may peel or blister in 24-72 hours.

Why is water nor a good rehydrator?

It turns off your thirst before you're completely rehydrated, and turns on the kidneys prematurely so you lose fluid in the form or urine

Heat stroke

LIFE THREATENING-THERMOREGULATORY FAILURE-NO SWEAT

Hyponatremia

LOW SODIUM

What causes hypothermia

Lightning and thunderstorms; and overexposure to the sun

Heat can be gained or lost through:

M PRODUCTION-C/C/R HEAT EXCHANGE- E HEAT LOSS

When is sunscreen most needed between?

March and November; 10AM and 4PM

Most serious effects off long term exposure to UVR

Premature aging of the skin, cancer

What can result in heat illness?

Prolonged exposure to extreme heat

Some athletes have medical conditions such as ____________ which make them more susceptible to the dangers of exercising in hot humid conditions

Sickle-cell trait

What causes heat syncope?

Standing in heat for long periods, or by not being accustomed to exercising in the heat,

What signs and symptoms are present in heat stroke?

Sudden collapse w/loss of consciousness; flushed, hot skin; less sweating than is seen with heat exhaustion; shallow breathing; rapid, strong pulse; most important: core temperatures of 105F or higher. COLLAPSE-LOC-HOT SKIN-LESS SWEAT-SHORT BREATH-STRONG PULSE-105+

What does SPF stand for?

Sun protection factor

Evaporation

Sweat evaporating from the skin surface

Frostbite involves only what?

The skin and subcutaneous tissue

What does globe temperature measure?

The sun's radiation

What does the psychrometer consists of?

The wet bulb thermometer, and the dry bulb thermometer

In a psychrometer, when the cloth is soaked and the thermometers are properly ventilated, which bulb temperature will be lower lower than the other? Why?

Wet bulb, because of cooling due to the evaporation of water from the cloth

What is a lightning detector:

a hand-held instrument with an electronic system to detect the presence and the distance of lightning/thunder storm activity occurring within a 40-mile distance

What is the wet bulb thermometer covered with?

a jacket of tight-fitting muslin cloth that can be saturate with distilled water.

What is the dry bulb temperature recorded from?

a standard mercury thermometer

exertional heatstroke symptoms:

abrupt onset, preceded by headache, vertigo, and fatigue, flushed skin; relatively less sweating than seen with heat exhaustion; pulse rate increases rapidly and may reach 160-180; respiration increase; blood pressure seldom rises; temperature rises rapidly to 104F; athlete feels as if he or she is burning up; diarrhea, vomiting; circulatory collapse may produce death; can lead to permanent brain damage

exertion heat cramps prevention:

acclimatize athlete properly; provide large quantities of water; increase intake of sodium, calcium, and potassium

Frostnip treatment:

apply firm, sustained pressured of the hand (without rubbing), by blowing hot breath on the spot, or if the injury is to the fingertips, by placing them in the armpits

exertional heat exhaustion treatment:

bed rest in cool room, immediate oral fluid replacement, increase fluid intake to 6-8 l/day; sponge with cool water; keep record of body weight; keep fluid balance record; provide semiliquid food until sanitation is normal, IV fluids if drinking is impaired

Because dehydration reduces _________, less fluid is available for warming the ________

blood volume, tissues

Most common malignant tumor found in humans and has been epidemiologically and clinical associated with exposure to UVR

cancer

exertional heatstroke treatment:

cold water immersion, sponge cool water and air fan over body, massage limbs; transport to hospital as soon as possible: COOL AND TRANSPORT

Sports drinks should be used without ________

diluting

What does heat syncope result in?

dizziness, fainting, and nausea

exertional hyponatremia treatment:

do not try to rehydrate; transport to medical facility; sodium levels must be increased and fluids levels decreased

Premature aging of the skin is characterized by:

dryness, cracking, and a decrease in the elasticity of the skin

exertional heatstroke prevention:

ensure proper acclimatization, proper hydration, educate those supervising activities conducted in the heat, adapt activities to environment, screen participants with past history of heat illness for malignant hyperthermia

Define flash-to-bang:

estimates how far away lightning is occurring, determined by the humber of seconds from the lightning flash until the sound of thunder, divided by 5

exertion heat exhaustion symptoms:

excessive thirst, dry tongue and mouth; weight loss; fatigue; weakness; incoordination; mental dullness; small urine volume; slightly elevated body temperature; high serum protein and sodium; reduced swelling

single most important step that can be taken to minimize the change of heat illness:

fluid replacement

Sports drinks replace both __________ and ___________ that are lost in sweat and also provide energy to the working muscles

fluid, electrolytes

exertional hyponatremia cause:

fluid/electrolyte disorder resulting in low concentration of sodium in the blood

What is heat syncope also known as?

heat collapse

exertional hyponatremia prevention:

hydrate with sports drinks; increase sodium intake; make sure fluid intake equals fluid loss

Risks of hypothermia:

inactivity, chill factor, wind, dampness or wetness.

exertion heat crams treatment:

ingesting large amount of water and sodium, mild stretching, and ice massage of affected muscle

Exertional heat cramps symptoms:

muscle twitching and cramps, usually after midday; spasms in arm, legs and abdomen

A relatively small drop in body core temperature can induce shivering sufficient to materially affect the athlete's _______

neuromuscular coordination

exertional hyponatremia symptoms:

progressively worsening headache, nausea and vomiting, swelling in hands and feet, lethargy or apathy, low blood sodium, compromised CNS

exertional heat exhaustion cause:

prolonged sweating; inadequate replacement of body fluid losses; diarrhea; intestinal infection

The dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature can easily be measured using a what?

psychrometer

At what core temperature is death imminent?

rises to 107F or drops to 77F and 85F.

What in sports drink allows the body to hold onto fluid consumed rather than losing it through urine?

small amounts of sodium

Ventilation is provided by a what or what?

suction fan, or by whirling the thermometers at the nd of a handle

exertional heat exhaustion prevention:

supply adequate water and other liquids, provide adequate rest and opportunity for cooling SUPPLY-REST AND COOLING

When the temperature and radiant heat of the environment become higher than body temperature, loss of body heat comes highly dependent on the process of what?

sweat evaporation

What in the skin allow water to be transported to the surface, where it evaporates, taking large quantities of heat with it.

sweat glands

what do lightning detectors allow you to know?

the level of activity of the the storm and determine whether the storm is moving toward, away from, or pallet to your position. When it detects a L stroke, it emits an audible warning tone and lights the range indicator, allowing you to see the distance to the last, closest detected lightning strike

exertional heatstroke cause:

thermoregulatory failure of sudden onset

What happens during rewarming of frostbite?

tissue becomes blotchy, red, swollen, and extremely painful. Later the injury may become gangrenous, causing loss of tissue