Unit 1: 1491-1607

"By virtue of the said ransom, let ships go there and bring away as many male and female Negroes as possible, newly imported and between the ages of fifteen to eighteen or twenty years. . . .The burden of work of the Indians will be eased and unlimited amounts of gold will be mined. This is the best land in the world for Negroes, women and old men, and it is very rarely that one of these people die." -Source: Alonso de Zuazo, Spanish colonial judge, 1518 Which of the following contributed most to the increasing use of African slave labor instead of Native American labor in colonial Spain? Choose 1 answer:

Enslaved Africans were immune to most diseases spread by the Spanish, while indigenous people were not.

As we wish the said Indians to be converted to our Holy Catholic Faith, and to be taught its doctrines . . . I command you to compel and oblige the said Indians to deal and associate with the Christians of the said island, to work in their buildings in collecting and mining gold and other metals, and to grow food and supplies for the Christian settlers and inhabitants of the said island . . . . and this they are to do as the free persons they are, and not as slaves; and you are to see to it that the said Indians are well treated . . . -Queen Isabella to Nicolas de Ovando, Governor of Hispaniola, 1503 Which of the following contributed most directly to the enactment of the law in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:

European demands for laborers in the New World

"It is written in the Book of Proverbs: "He who is stupid will serve the wise man." And so it is with the barbarous and inhumane peoples who have no civil life and peaceful customs. It will always be just and in conformity with natural law that such people submit to the rule of more cultured and humane princes and nations. Thanks to their virtues and the practical wisdom of their laws, the latter can destroy barbarism and educate these people to a more humane and virtuous life. And if the latter reject such rule, it can be imposed upon them by force of arms." -Source: Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, On the Reasons for the Just War among the Indians, 1547 Which of the following most directly undermines Sepúlveda's assertions? Choose 1 answer:

Spanish cruelty towards indigenous people in the Americas

"European leaders concluded that the Muslims' power fed upon the wealth generated by their control of the most lucrative trade routes. By paying premium prices to Muslim merchants for the gold and ivory of sub-Saharan Africa and for the silks, gems, and spices of Asia, European consumers enriched the Islamic world while draining wealth from Christendom. . . . Visionary Europeans hoped to weaken their enemy and enrich themselves by seeking an alternative trade route by sea." -Source: Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001 Which of the following primary sources would most likely support the author's argument in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:

Spanish royal council meeting notes concerning strategies for defeating Muslims

-Source: Bernardino de Sahagún, Wikimedia Commons, 1576 In addition to the effect depicted in the image, which of the following was another negative environmental impact of Spanish colonization in the Americas?

The introduction of new animals negatively affected Native American crops

'Caravela_1460' Image credit: Wikimedia Commons What was important about the development of vessels such as the one depicted above?

They allowed Portuguese and Spanish navigators to sail across oceans rather than only along the coast

Artist's conception of the city of Cahokia, near modern-day St. Louis. At its peak around 1100 CE, Cahokia had 20,000 residents. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons Which of the following conclusion might historians make about the Mississippian people from the evidence of Cahokia?

They lived in settled villages and farmed, allowing for the growth of large populations.

"They sent one canoe with three men, one of which, when they came near unto us, spoke in his language very loud and very boldly; seeming as though he would know why we were there, and by pointing with his oar towards the sea, we conjectured he meant we should be gone. But when we showed them knives and their use, by cutting of sticks and other trifles, they came close aboard our ship, as desirous to entertain our friendship. To these we gave such things as we perceived they liked." -Source: George Waymouth, 1605 The point of view expressed in the quotation above is most likely that of: Choose 1 answer:

a European explorer encountering indigenous people.

"Around 7,000 years ago, agriculture emerged in Mesoamerica, including the domestication of maize, beans, and squash, causing major changes in the plants that people cultivated. Three sisters agriculture had spread across Mexico by 3,500 years ago, though they originated at different times." -Source: Amanda J. Landon, anthropologist, "The 'How' of the Three Sisters," 2008 Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support Landon's argument in the excerpt? Choose 1 answer:

archaeological remains of ancient seeds

Eighteenth-century Spanish casta painting. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons This painting was intended to: Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)

define individuals' social status in Spanish North America.

"Into this land of meek outcasts there came some Spaniards who immediately behaved like ravening wild beasts . . . killing, terrorizing, afflicting, torturing, and destroying the native peoples, doing all this with the strangest and most varied new methods of cruelty, never seen or heard of before, and to such a degree that this Island of Hispaniola once so populous (having a population that I estimated to be more than three million), has now a population of barely two hundred persons." -Source: Bartolomé de Las Casas, Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies, 1542. Which of the following practices did the ideas expressed in the excerpt most directly challenge?

enslaving indigenous people as laborers in the encomienda system

"Wherefore . . . you have purposed with the favor of divine clemency to bring under your sway the said mainlands and islands with their residents and inhabitants and to bring them to the Catholic faith. Hence . . . [we] give, grant, and assign to you and your heirs and successors, kings of Castile and Leon . . . all islands and mainlands found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered towards the west and south, by drawing and establishing a line from the Arctic pole, namely the north, to the Antarctic pole, namely the south . . . " -Source: Pope Alexander VI's Demarcation Bull, May 4, 1493 In addition to the reason discussed in the passage above, which of the following was a reason for Spanish colonization in the Americas? Choose 1 answer:

increasing the wealth of Spain by extracting natural resources from the Americas

"When the maese de campo arrived at the pueblo of Acoma he asked the Indians for provisions for his trip and gave them in exchange hatchets and many other things. . . . and then the Indians very unwillingly gave some maize and tortillas. Being told that what the Spaniards needed most was flour, the Indians replied that they had none on hand, but that the Spaniards might leave and return for it the next day. . . . When the maese de campo went to the pueblo with his eighteen men to get the flour . . . the Indians, with treachery and premeditation, after inviting them to come up to their pueblo, killed the maese de campo, Captain Felipe de Escalante, Captain Diego Nuñez, eight soldiers, and two servants . . ." -Source: Juan de Oñate, Testimony in the Trial of the Indians of Acoma, 1598 The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following trends?

indigenous military resistance to European encroachment

Problem "The creation of the middle ground involved a process of mutual invention by both the French and the Algonquians. This process passed through various stages, of which the earliest is at once the most noticed and the least interesting. It was in this initial stage that the French, for example, simply assimilated Indians into their own conceptual order. Indians became sauvages, and the French reduced Indian religion to devil worship and witchcraft. Algonquians, for their part, thought of the first Europeans as manitous [spirits]. On both sides, new people were crammed into existing categories in a mechanical way." -Source: Richard White, historian, The Middle Ground, 1991 Which of the following best supports the general argument in the excerpt about how Native Americans and Europeans related to each other in the early colonial period?

mutual misunderstandings about the terms of land ownership

"By virtue of the said ransom, let ships go there and bring away as many male and female Negroes as possible, newly imported and between the ages of fifteen to eighteen or twenty years. . . .The burden of work of the Indians will be eased and unlimited amounts of gold will be mined. This is the best land in the world for Negroes, women and old men, and it is very rarely that one of these people die." -Source: Alonso de Zuazo, Spanish colonial judge, 1518 This excerpt best reflects which of the following historical developments?

responses to the change in the indigenous populations after exposure to European diseases

"There were four chiefs: Mr. Bear, Cougar, Bald Eagle, and Salmon. They met to try to figure out what it was that they were going to do. They knew of a place where there were many salmon. This would be the best thing of the coming people. It would keep them strong and healthy; besides, it would taste so good! But there was a problem. The salmon were being held way up river by a dam and were being guarded by some women, who when crossed would stop at nothing to destroy anything that got in the way of keeping their salmon and doing their work." -Native American legend recorded by Martin Louie and Diana Brooks. Published in Wicazo Sa Review, 1990. Based on passage, in which region of North America do you think the Native American people who told this legend lived? Choose 1 answer:

the Pacific Northwest

"Their Highnesses can see that I will give them however much gold they need with what little aid they give me now: spices and cotton as much as they call for . . . and slaves as many as they order to be shipped. . . . Therefore, since our Redeemer has given this victory to our illustrious King and Queen and to their famously successful reigns, all Christians should rejoice, hold grand celebrations, and with solemn prayers give thanks to the Holy Trinity for the exaltation of turning so many peoples to our Holy Faith." -Source: Christopher Columbus, Letter to Luis de Santangel, Official Notary for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1493 Which of the following developments from the late 1400s emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt?

the Reconquista, when Spanish Christians expelled Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula