Unit 1 Exam Psychology

Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will only remember ____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time.

30

exemplifies the empirical method

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments

Skinner box

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

a criticism of structuralism

The process was highly subjective.

Which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Wilhelm Wundt

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

accuracy

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

another person's consciousness

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; surveys

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

conscientiousness

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, "Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!" This research study suffers from an absence of ________.

falsifiability

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

hindsight

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) _______

illusory correlation

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

longitudinal

What types of memories are found in episodic memory?

memories of events we have personally experienced

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology?

mid- and top-level management

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.

neuroticism

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

observation of phenomena.

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

personality

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

reliability

Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________.

retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________, or the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Which of the following defines hypothesis?

tentative explanation

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes