Unit 1: Introduction to Physics

Ionic Bond

-A type of chemical bond that can often form between metal and non metal ions (or polyatomic ions such as ammonium) through electrostatic attraction. •It is a bond formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

Ions

-Atoms that have an excess positive or negative charge -Results from ionization

Chemical Activity

-Interaction among atoms -Determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shells

Transitional Elements

-It commonly refers to any element in the "d-block" of the periodic table, including zinc, cadmium and mercury. •This corresponds to groups 3 to 12 on the Periodic Table. -Do not belong to any of the eight groups -Set of elements that represent an interruption of the orderly scheme of atomic progression from smallest to largest atom -Interrupts Groups 2 and 3 in the Periodic Table -Electrons are added in the inner shell -All metals -Chemical properties depend on the number of electrons in the two outermost electron shells (usually 1 to 2)

Atom

117 distinct atoms; 92 occur naturally Atoms of ageless and about a dozen compose most things we see. Smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element.

Law of Inertia (1st Law)

A body will remain at rest or if in motion will continue moving at a constant velocity in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force

Decimal Point

A dot that separates the ones digit and the digit immediately to its right

Measurement

A figure, extent, or amount obtained by measuring; Dimension

Compound

A substance consisting of two or more elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by mass. i.e. salt

Powers of Ten

A system used to express large and small numbers too cumbersome to write in ordinary notation.

Atomic Mass Number

AKA Atomic Mass. Represented by A. Whole number equal to the number of nucleons in the atom.

English System

AKA British Engineering System Based on foot(ft), pound (lb), & second (s)

Metric System

AKA Centimeter, Gram, Second (CGS) or Meter, Kilogram, Second system (MKS).

Atomic Weight

AKA Elemental Mass. Mass of one atom of the isotope express in units such that the carbon mass-12 isotope has an atomic mass of exactly 12. AMU = Atomic mass unit.

System International (SI) Units

AKA International System of Units Based on Metric System Extension of MKS system

Fahrenheit

Abbr: F English system 32-freezing point of water 212-boiling point of water

Valence

Abilitry of an atom to combine with other atoms

Energy

Ability to do work SI unit: Joules (J)

Nuclide

Any particle kind of atom having a specific number of protons and neutrons. Divided into four groups.

Matter

Anything that has mass, occupies space and has inertia. Made up of atoms.

Periodic Table of Elements

Arrangement of elements from the lightest to the heaviest based on the atomic weight, or from the lowest atomic number to the highest

Nucleus Formula

Atomic Mass Number = Atomic Number (Protons) + Neutron Number A = Z + N

Solid

Atoms and molecules vibrate about fixed positions

Chemically Unstable Atoms

Atoms with less than eigth electrons in its outer shell.

CGS system

Based on the centimeter (cm), gram (g), and second (s) For small-scale measurements

MKS system

Based on the meter (m), kilogram (k), and second (s) For large-scale measurements

Temperature Conversion Formula

C = 5/9 (F-32) F = 9/5 C + 32

Neutron

Carries no charge. Mass approx. 1.675^27 kg. Located in the nucleus.

Electron

Carries one unit of negative electric charge. Mass approx. 9.11 x 10^31kg. Revolves nucleus in precisely fixed orbits (electron shells).

Proton

Carries one unit of positive electric charge. Mass approx. 1.673 x10^27 kg. Located in the nucleus.

Nucleus

Center of the atom

Celsius

Centigrade. Abbr: C 0- freezing point of water 100- boiling point of water

Covalent Bond

Characterized by the sharing of electrons

Nucleons

Collectively the term used for the particles in the nucleus. Contents of the nucleus. Protons + Neutrons

Scientific Method

Comprises the systematic collection of facts, the study of their interrelationships, and the drawing of valid conclusions from the resulting data.

Atomic Number

Denoted by the number of protons in an atom. Determines identiy of element and makes it distinctly different from any other element. Represented by Z.

Length

Distance or extent of space. Inch - english system Meter - metric system

Time

Duration of event Second in both English & Metric systems.

Prefixes

Each prefixe has a corresponding value that is a power of ten.

What are the fundamental particles of an Atom?

Electron Proton Neutron

Chemical Bonds

Elements are linked together by using the valence electrons

What is the Law on Conservation of Energy?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another.

Rest Energy

Energy of an object by virtue of its mass alone.

Law of Action/Reaction (3rd Law)

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Kelvin

Hypothetical temperature characterized by a complete absence of heat energy Abby: K Unit of temperature

Metals

In chemistry, metals are defined as elements that readily lose electrons to form positive ions (cations) and form metallic bonds between other metal atoms (forming ionic bonds with non-metals). Ductile; Malleable; Lustrous; Conduct heat; Conduct electricity

Metalloids

In the standard layout of the periodic table metalloids occur along the diagonal line through the p block from boron to astatine Have properties of both metals and non-metals Some metalloids can carry an electrical charge under special conditions

What is another name for Group 8?

Inert or Noble gas.

What are the fundamental units of measurements?

Length, Mass and Time.

Density

Mass per unit of volume of a substance.

Substance

Material that has a definite and constant composition

Temperature

Measure of the average energy of motion of the molecules of matter

Kinetic Energy

Mechanical Energy Energy of motion

Potential Energy

Mechanical Energy Stored energy of position

Classifications of Elements

Metals Non-metals Metalliods

Seven Base Units

Meter Kilogram Second Ampere Kelvin Mole Candela

Base Units

Meter is the base unit for length Liter is the base unit for volume Gram is the base unit for mass

Bohr Atom

Miniature solar system.

Liquid

Molecules are free to wander about in non-fixed positions. Take shape of its container

Gases

Molecules may break away from one another

F=ma

Newton's Law of Force equation. F=Force M=mass A=acceleration

Rule of Octet

No outer shell can contain more than eight electrons; Atoms with octet configuration are chemically stable

What are Valence Electrons?

Number of electrons in the outermost orbital shell

Decimal Numbers

Numbers to the right of the decimal point. Represent fractions that have denominators that are powers of ten

Non-metals

Only eighteen elements in the periodic table are generally considered nonmetals. Non-metals make up most of the crust, atmosphere and oceans of the earth. Very brittle; Cannot be rolled into wires; Cannot be pounded into sheets;No metallic luster; Non-reflective

Inertia

Property of matter that resists its change in motion. Tendency of a resting body to remain at rest and the tendency of a body moving at a constant speed in a straight line to continue its states of motion.

Force

Push or pull of an object. Newton (N) is the SI unit of force.

Mass

Quantity of matter in a body. Determinde by weighing: Pound - english system Kilogram - metric system

Mass

Quantity of matter. Measure of Inertia.

What are Valence Electrons responsible for?

Responsible for all chemical and electrical activities of the elements.

What are the different states of matter?

Solid Liquid Gaseous

Velocity

Speed Rate of change of position of an object over time

Velocity

Speed of a given direction example meters per second

Element

Substance composed of atoms, all of which have the same atomic number and same chemical properties. Cannot be decomposed to simpler substances by ordinary means.

Mixtures

Substances that mix together without combining chemically. Formed by chemical union of two or more elements in definite proportions i.e. oil & water

Candela

The SI base unit of luminous intensity; that is, power emitted by a light source in a particular direction.

Mole

The amount of substance of a system which contains as many "elemental entities" (e.g. atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 Abbr: mol

Physics

The branch of physcical science that studies matter and energy and their relationships.

Molecule

The combination of two or more atoms. Can be simple or complex. Smallest subdivision of a substance having the characteristic properties of that substance

Law of Force (2nd Law)

The force acting on a body is proportional to its mass times acceleration; the direction of the force is the same as that of the body's acceleration.

Electron Binding Energy

The strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus of an atom; the closer an electron is to the nucleus, the higher the electron binding energy

Biological Science

The study of living matter

Physical Science

The study of nonliving matter

Natural Science

The study of the universe and its contents.

Science

The use of knowledge in a organized and classified manner.

What are derived units?

These units are obtained by various combinations of fundamental units. example kilometer per second

Isotones

Two or more nuclides with different atomic numbers but the same number of neutrons; always belong to different elements

Isomers

Two or more nuclides with the same atomic number and the same mass number but different value of energy content. They must always belong to the same element

Isotopes

Two or more nuclides with the same atomic number but different mass number. They always belong to the same chemical elemen

Isobars

Two or more nuclides with the same mass number but different atomic numbers; they always belong to different elements.

Kilogram

Unit in the Metric System and of mass. Only SI unit with a prefix as part as it's name.

Ampere

Unit of electric current or amount of electric charge per second. Abbr: amp

Joule

Unit of energy

Newton

Unit of force

Watt

Unit of power

Liquids

Volume Liter is the unit of measure

Solid

Volume product of its length, width, & height

Chemical Reaction

process in which atoms rearrange to form different molecules.

Vertical Columns

•Called "Groups" or "Families" •There are eight •Represent families of elements -Have similar chemical properties •Contain the representative elements found within the first two families of the Periodic Table •Groups I and II on the far left -The last six families or groups (on the right). •The transition metals are the elements in those groups within the middle of the table. •The "group" number indicates the number of outer shell electrons -Doesn't include the transition metals

Horizontal Rows

•Called "Periods" or "Series" -The elements are laid out in a series of rows so that those with similar properties line up in vertical columns »This reflects the periodic recurrence of similar properties as the atomic number increases. •There are seven rows -Represents the number of shells or energy levels where electrons are found. •Have different chemical properties