Unit 1: Psychology's History and Approaches

Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences are working from the _____ perspective.

Biological

The historical roots of psychology include the fields of _____ and _____.

Biology Philosophy

In 1859, naturalist _____ explained species variation by proposing the process of _____, which works through the principle of _____ _____. This is the principles that traits contributing to _____ and _____ will most likely be passed to succeeding generations.

Charles Darwin evolution natural selection reproduction survival

Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called _____ psychologists. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called _____ psychologists.

Counseling Clinical

French philosopher _____ believed that _____ _____ flow through the brain through what we call _____to the muscles, enabling body movements.

Descartes animal spirits nerves

Extra study tips (5)

Distribute study time Learn to think critically Listen actively in class Overlearn material Be a smart test-taker

English philosopher _____ argued that the mind at birth is a blank slate, or _____ _____. His ideas, together with those of his countryman _____, helped form _____, the view that science should rely on _____ and _____.

John Locke Tabula Rasa Francis Bacon empiricism observation experimentation

The first female president of the American Psychological Association was _____. The first woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology was _____

Mary Calkins Margaret Floy Washburn

Although the debate continues, we will see that _____ works on what _____ endows and that every _____ event is simultaneously a _____ event.

Nurture Nature psychological biological

Psychologists who investigate our persistent traits are _____ psychologists, where those who explore how we view and affect one another are _____ psychologists.

Personality Social

Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called _____.

Psychiatrists

The _____ study method incorporates 5 steps: a. b. c. d. e.

SQ3R a. Survey b. Question c. Read d. Retrieve e. Review

The Greek philosophers _____ and _____ concluded that the _____ is separate from the _____ and that knowledge is _____. One of their students, _____, disagreed, arguing that knowledge grows from the _____ stored in our memories.

Socrates Plato mind body innate Aristotle experiences

Under the influence of evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin, psychologist _____ assumed that thinking developed because it was _____. He founded the school of _____, which focused on how mental and behavioral process enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

William James adaptive functionalism

The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm _____. His student, _____, introduced the school of _____, which exlored the basic elements of mind using the method of _____. This method proved _____.

Wundt Edward Titchener structuralism introspection unreliable

As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of _____.

asking and answering questions

Psychologists may be involved in conducting _____ _____, which builds psychology's knowledge base, or _____ _____, which seeks solutions to practical problems.

basic research applied research

The text author defines psychology as the scientific study of _____ and _____ processes.

behavior mental

Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the _____ perspective.

behavioral

As a response to Freudian psychology and to _____, which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers _____ and _____ forged _____ psychology. This new perspective emphasize the _____ potential of _____ people.

behaviorism Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow humanistic growth healthy

The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of _____ and _____.

biology experience

The _____ perspective explores how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

cognitive

During the 1960s, psychology underwent a _____ revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our _____ processes and retains information. The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called _____ _____.

cognitive mind cognitive neuroscience

The different perspectives on the big issues _____ one another.

complement

Psychologists who study our changing abilities from womb to tomb are _____ psychologists.

developmental

Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies are working from the _____ perspective.

evolutionary

Psychologists who explore thinking and behavior by conducting experiments are called _____ _____.

experimental psychologists

Psychologists working from the historically important _____ perspective explore how people attempt to fulfill their potential.

humanistic

Worldwide, the number of psychologists is _____. Thanks to international publications and meetings, psychological science is also _____.

increasing globalizing

Some early psychologists included Ivan Pavlov, who pioneered the study of _____; the personality theorist _____; and Jean Piaget, who studied _____.

learning Sigmund Freud children

In its earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of _____ life. From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology in America was redefined as the science of _____ behavior.

mental observable

In this definition, behavior refers to any action that we can _____ and _____, and "mental processes" refers to the internal, _____ _____ we _____ from behavior.

observe record subjective experiences infer

Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the _____ perspective.

psychodynamic

The branch of psychology devoted to measuring our abilities, attitudes, and traits is _____.

psychometrics

Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior vary in different situations are working from the _____-_____ perspective.

social-cultural

Each person is a complex _____ that is part of a larger _____ _____ and at the same time composed of smaller systems. For this reason, psychologists work from three main _____ of _____ - biological, _____ and _____-_____ - which together form a integrated _____ approach to the study of behavior and mental processes.

system social system levels analysis psychological social-cultural biopsychosocial

Educational psychologists study influences on _____ and _____.

teaching learning

Psychological science seeks to answer questions about how people _____, _____, and _____ as they do.

think feel act

To master a subject, you must _____ process it.

Actively