Unit 11

Carroll Izard identified 10 basic emotions. All emotions are a degree or combination of these.

Joy Interest-Excitement Surprise Sadness Anger Disgust Contempt Fear Shame Guilt

Opponent-Process Motivation

We're sad, so we eat to feel better. We're lonely, so we join an online chat group or gaming site to feel connected. We're happy, so we buy a new outfit and go dancing. We're nervous, so we chew on a pen cap to reduce tension.

Drive-Reduction Motivation

A grumbling stomach and fatigue signal hunger. To bring your energy state back to an optimal level and achieve homeostasis, your behavior is to eat. Dry mouth is a signal of water depletion. In order to bring water levels back to normal, you drink. Goose-bumps or shivering signals low body temperature. You put on a jacket to get warmer. You have muscle tension and a headache, so you take Ibuprofen to feel better.

self-actualization

A self-actualized individual is one who has achieved all of their goals in life and wants for nothing else. They are the best version of themselves that they can be.

Schachter's Two-Factor Theory

After the initial stimulus is presented, our body begins to react immediately. But before we experience an emotion, we first evaluate the stimulus and the context it is presented in to determine which emotion is correct. My heart is pounding and my palms are sweaty. If the stimulus is a bear, I feel fear and run away. If the stimulus is another runner in a race, I feel competitive and run faster. If the stimulus is a test, I feel nervous and ask for a pass. If the stimulus is my date leaning in for a kiss, I feel excited and pucker up.

Instinct Theory

All organisms are born with some innate biological tendencies that help them survive (instincts). Instincts are not the result of learning or experience. For example, infants have an inborn rooting reflex that helps them seek out a nipple and obtain nourishment, while birds have an inborn need to build a nest or migrate during the winter. Cats raise their tail when they sense danger, spiders spin webs to catch food.

Genuine

Behaviors are motivated by a need for people to be open with their feelings, drop their facades, be transparent with their innermost desires, and hide nothing.

Accepting (Unconditional Positive Regard)

Behaviors are motivated by a need of people to have an attitude of grace, value, self-worth, and being completely accepting of other people

Empathy

Behaviors are motivated by a person's need to share and listen to others with true understanding

Facial Expressions - Paul Ekman

Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined. They are universal across human cultures and thus biological in origin. Expressions he found to be universal included those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise.

Physiological First......

Getting an "A" on a test is important. But, you had a greasy burger for lunch and are really gassy. What behavior is most important right now.....taking the test or going to the bathroom? You aren't going to accomplish the goal of getting an "A" until you've taken care of other business first. Softball tryouts are important, but it's 32 degrees and your feet are cold. Can you really hit your best when you are freezing?

Drive-Reduction Motivation

Homeostasis = The body monitors and maintains relatively constant levels of internal states, such as body temperature, fluid levels, and energy supplies If any of these levels deviates very far from the optimal level, the body initiates processes to bring the condition back to normal

Body Language?

If facial expressions are universal, are there universal body language indicators that reveal our personalities?

Carl Rogers and Self-Actualization

In your attempt to achieve self-actualization, there are three motivating factors that drive your behaviors. Essentially, if you live a life based on these three personality characteristics, you will be driven to achieve goals to satisfy you....which in turn gets you closer to self-actualization.

Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by internal factors. Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just for the fun of it, because you believe it is a good or right thing to do, to perform a particular task or personal interest, personal pleasure, it develops a particular skill, or it's morally the right thing to do. You perform certain behaviors regardless of what other people think or how they react.

Opponent-Process Theory/Arousal Theory/Yerkes-Dodson Law

Motivation for some behaviors is based on emotions (an emotional homeostasis). Behaviors are motivated by an emotional drive or influenced by moods.

Hunger - Physiological Factors

Orexin is a neurotransmitter found in the hypothalamus. It stimulates the cravings for hunger. Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells. Increased levels of leptin cut orexin production, decrease hunger and raise metabolism. Decreased levels raise orexin production, increase hunger, and decrease metabolism. Ghrelin Gherlin is the hormone secreted by an empty stomach. It sends an "I'm hungry" signal to the brain to increase orexin production. PYY (Peptide YY) PYY is a digestive tract hormone that sends an "I'm not hungry" signal to the brain and to cut orexin production. Lateral Hypothalamus - part of the brain responsible for stimulating hunger Ventromedial Hypothalamus - part of the brain responsible for stopping eating

Esteem Needs

The need to be respected, to self-respect and to respect others. Need to engage oneself in order to gain recognition, have an activity which gives value to oneself, be it in a profession or hobby.

Overjustification Effect

The overjustification effect occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task. You love to read. But, after getting a job as a proofreader, over time you begin to lose interest in reading.

Belongingness and Love Needs

This involves emotionally-based relationships in general, such as friendship, sexual relationship, or having a family. Humans want to be accepted, and to belong to groups, whether it be clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs, etc.

Incentive Theory - Extrinsic Motivation

We're motivated by money. We're motivated by fame. We're motivated by the attention our behaviors garner. We're motivated by gifts and goods. Typically with extrinsically motivated behaviors, when a reward no longer follows a behavior, the behavior stops.

Cannon-Bard Theory

When a stimulating event happens, we feel emotions and physiological changes (such as muscular tension, sweating, etc.) at the same time. There is a simultaneous arousal and emotion. I see a bear. I feel afraid as my heart races and I run away.

James-Lange Theory

When presented with stimulus, our body reacts first. We cry, we laugh, our heart races, our breathing becomes shallow, we hug, we run away, etc. After the body reacts, we feel an emotion based on what behaviors we exhibited. I see a bear. My heart is racing and I'm perspiring. These are fear reactions so I run from the bear. Problem: Do all things that make your heart race and perspire mean you're scared and should run away? What if you come home to a surprise birthday party and your heart races? According to this theory, you must be scared, so you run away.

Goal Oriented Behaviors

Why did you wear that outfit today? Is it cold outside and that outfit makes you feel warmer? It's simply what you could afford? Is it for health purposes and supports your lower back? Do you have romantic aspirations with the girl/guy seated next to you so you are trying to catch their eye? Does your clothing reveal your wealth or your high social status? Does your clothing show off your chiseled physique, or hide those winter pounds?

Some of our choices in life are based on feeling good about ourselves....

Why did you wear that specific outfit today? Was it because you've been working out lately and wanted to show off your biceps? Why do you wear makeup? To cover up some perceived imperfection or to feel or look better? Why did you buy that car over the other car? Would it be more impressive to show up at your friend's house or date-to-be's house in this car? Even though it's not any more functional, why did you choose the cherry cabinets over the oak?

Friends and Loved Ones.....

You have a big presentation to do tomorrow for work, but your wife just announced that she's leaving you. Is it more important to work on your marriage or think about a promotion at work? Your favorite show is on Friday night and you'd really like to sit and watch it. Instead, your best friend calls you after a bad breakup and needs your help. What's more important, a television show or your friendship?

Security First.....

You want to study tonight for the big test tomorrow, but you have a stomach ache and a runny nose. Does health or education come first? You want to go and play at the park and have fun with your friends, but there is a mean bully there who wants to beat you up. Going to the karate studio afterschool is more important than going to the park. Your friends want to go shopping Friday night but you just lost your job. What's more important, staying in and saving money or going out and having fun and spending money?

Maslow's Hierarchy of NeedsThe steps to self-actualization

self actualization esteem love safety physiological

Physiological Needs

the need to breathe the need to drink and eat the need to dispose of bodily waste material the need for sleep the need to regulate the bodily temperature the need to seek shelter

Maslow and Self-Actualization

According to Maslow, goals are prioritized. We need to achieve certain goals first in order to concentrate on others. Once we have achieved all of our goals at each level, we can then become self-actualized.

Safety Needs

Security of employment Security of revenues and resources Physical Security Moral and physiological security Familial security Security of health

Self-Actualization

Self-actualization is the need of a human to make the most of their unique abilities. By completing goals at the lower levels, you can now concentrate on wants rather than needs that simply make you better overall.

The Garcia Effect

Simply thinking about a certain food and its pairing with an unpleasant episode will curb your desire for that food

Incentive Theory - Extrinsic Motivation

Some behavior is motivated solely by the pull of external rewards (reinforcement principal)

Drive-Reduction Theory

Some behaviors are motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Motivation The Humanistic Perspective

maslow and rogers