Unit 14: Schizophrenia, PSYC 4345 Exam 3, PSY 347: Psychopharmacology Ch. 18 Quiz

The age at which people are diagnose with schizophrenia is between

16-25 for both men and women

In the case of identical (monozygotic) twins, they have a ____% concordance rate of schizophrenia, which means that if one twin develops schizophrenia, the other twin has a ____% probability of also developing schizophrenia

48

One hypothesis of depression states that the person does no have enough ________

5-HT

Clozapine is an example of an atypical antipsychotic that has reduced antagonist effects at dopamine receptors (as compared to haloperidol), and antagonist effects at ________ receptors

5-HT 2

According to the positive/negative symptom classification scheme for schizophrenia, A. positive symptoms are made worse by drugs that increase dopamine. B. delusions and hallucinations are examples of negative symptoms. C. people with positive symptoms have a poor outcome as they do not respond well to medications. D. people with negative symptoms tend to develop their problems in adulthood.

A

Concerning the incidence and severity of schizophrenia, A. the disorder is considered to be chronic and incurable. B. the incidence of the disorder is highest among young women in their late teens and early twenties. C. although treatment is available, about 50% of people with the disorder spend a large part of their lives in mental hospitals. D. approximately 5% of the general population will receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia at some point in their lifetimes.

A

Which of the following are not structural changes observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia? A. Shrinkage of the ventricles B. Atrophy of selected cortical layers C. Disorganized arrangement of hippocampal cells D. Reduced volume of the temporal lobe and limbic structures

A

sympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Activation of the ______________________________________ produces increased heart rate, sweating, and other signs of "fight-or-flight" response.

c. benzodiazepines.

Acute anxiety can be most effectively treated with a. tricyclic antidepressants. b. cognitive behavior therapy. c. benzodiazepines. d. barbiturates.

Drugs that are used to treat anxiety are A. called anxiolytics B. may belong to a class of drugs called "sedative-hypnotics" C. include benzodiazepines D. all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is a hypothesis discusses in your book? A. the monoamine hypothesis B. the glucocorticoid hypothesis C. the neurotrophic hypothesis D. all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is a side effect of barbiturates? A. they induce sleep, but it is no a normal, restful kind of sleep B. they produce cognitive side effects C. they increase liver enzymes, meaning metabolic tolerance occurs D. they produce significant physical dependence and potential for abuse E. all of the above

All of the above

d. deep anesthesia involving loss of consciousness.

All of the following are therapeutic uses of the benzodiazepines except a. presurgical anesthesia involving relaxation and decreased awareness. b. treatment of insomnia. c. muscle relaxation. d. deep anesthesia involving loss of consciousness.

a. inhibition of the locus coeruleus can elicit alerting and fear responses in animals.

All of the following are true regarding the role of norepinephrine in anxiety except a. inhibition of the locus coeruleus can elicit alerting and fear responses in animals. b. abnormal sympathetic nervous system activation is a common feature of anxiety disorders. c. excess norepinephrine activity can contribute to the formation of trauma memories in PTSD. d. some anxiety-reducing drugs work by inhibiting norepinephrine pathways.

Which of the following does not support the idea that CNS stimulants produce a psychosis that strongly resembles schizophrenia? A. High doses of amphetamine in animals produce a syndrome of stereotyped licking, sniffing, and gnawing B. cocaine and amphetamine addicts often have hallucinations and delusions C. Clinicians have difficulty discriminating between paranoid schizophrenia and drug-induced psychosis D. amphetamine makes people drowsy

Amphetamine makes people drowsy

atypical antipsychotics

Antipsychotics that do not have significant side effects common to older antipsychotics

b. typically cause their effects on the CNS by increasing the transmitter dopamine.

Anxiolytic drugs do not a. produce relaxation along with drowsiness and poor motor coordination. b. typically cause their effects on the CNS by increasing the transmitter dopamine. c. include alcohol which has a very unsafe therapeutic index. d. reduce seizures.

Abilify (aripiprazole) can simultaneously decrease DA receptor activation in some brain regions and increase it in others because it is classified as a(n) A. inverse agonist. B. partial agonist. C. noncompetitive antagonist. D. competitive antagonist.

B

The DISC1 gene codes for proteins _______ and polymorphisms in this gene are associated with _______. A. involved in intracellular transport and axon elongation; motor disturbances B. involved in neurogenesis and neuronal migration; impairments in performance on the WCST C. involved in monoamine synthesis; impairments in working memory D. found in dendritic spines; enlarged ventricles

B

To address the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, new pharmacological approaches are being developed that target specific aspects of various neurotransmitter systems, including A. GABA and glutamate. B. acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate. C. serotonin and glutamate. D. glycine, dopamine, and GABA.

B

What is evidence for a possible role for glutamate in schizophrenic symptoms? A. Overactivity of glutamatergic NMDA receptors can help explain the negative symptoms. B. PCP or ketamine can worsen symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. C. Overactivity of glutamatergic NMDA receptors can help explain the cognitive symptoms. D. Increased levels of glutamate are found in postmortem studies of individuals with schizophrenia.

B

Which of the following is not an example of a prenatal or perinatal complication that is associated with schizophrenia? A. Oxygen deprivation during birth B. Being delivered by Caesarean section C. Severe malnutrition D. Exposure to viral infection during the second trimester

B

Although _______ is a useful drug for treating anxiety, can be abused since it activate the mesolimbic reward pathway

Benadryl

dopamine system stabilizers

Both block and stimulate DA receptors; partial DA agonists; Low incidence of side effects E.g. Aripiprazole (Abilify)

b. it is a partial agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor.

BuSpar or buspirone has all of the following effects except a. it is more effective at reducing the cognitive aspects of worry than the physical components of anxiety. b. it is a partial agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor. c. it does not cause sedation or confusion. d. it is unlikely to be abused as it may cause dysphoria.

c. 5-HT1A

BuSpar's therapeutic effects are related to its actions on _______ receptors. a. GABAA b. 5-HT2A c. 5-HT1A d. both GABAA and GABAB

Parkinsonian symptoms in schizophrenia include all of the following except A. akathesia. B. rigidity. C. sedation. D. loss of facial expressions.

C

Studies investigating the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion model show that lesioned rats exhibit _______ earlier and _______ later in development, and that _______ potentiates behavioral and biological outcomes. A. positive-like symptoms; cognitive-like symptoms; antipsychotics B. enhanced stress responses; impaired cognitive function; antipsychotics C. negative-like symptoms; positive-like symptoms; early stress D. negative-like symptoms; enhanced stress responses; tetrodotoxin

C

The _______ receptor is most involved in the therapeutic effects of the traditional antipsychotics? A. D4/5 B. D1 C. D2 D. D3

C

Which of the following is not a dopamine pathway affected by antipsychotic medications? A. Mesocortical pathway B. Pathway from hypothalamus to pituitary C. Pathway from the thalamus to the cortex D. Nigrostriatal pathway

C

Which statement regarding broad-spectrum antipsychotics is false? A. They block many receptor types, in addition to the D2 receptor. B. They work best with some combination of D2 and 5-HT2 receptor blockade. C. They typically show high affinity for D1 receptors. D. They include the first discovered atypical neuroleptic, clozapine.

C

Which statement regarding the diagnosis of schizophrenia is false? A. Clinicians do not agree on whether it is a single disorder or a group of disorders. B. There are several subtypes of schizophrenia recognized by DSM-IV, making the task more complex. C. The severity of the disorder and unusual symptoms make diagnosis straightforward. D. Diagnosis is complicated because symptoms of the disorder change over time.

C

Molecular genetic research A. has moved forward on the assumption that schizophrenia involves multiple genes located at different loci. B. has identified potential "schizophrenia genes" on chromosomes 6, 8, 13, and 22. C. uses either linkage studies or considers candidate genes in its search for the genetic basis of schizophrenia. D. All of the above

D

Psychoses are characterized by all of the following except A. problems with intellectual functioning. B. severe distortions of reality. C. affective disturbances. D. savant-like increases in intelligence.

D

The symptoms of schizophrenia that tend to be more difficult to treat are A. the cognitive symptoms and the positive symptoms. B. the positive symptoms. C. the positive and the negative symptoms. D. the negative symptoms and the cognitive symptoms.

D

What model of schizophrenia integrates the neurochemical data with the neuroanatomical findings concerning the disorder? A. The dopamine hypothesis B. The glutamate-dopamine model C. The DA imbalance hypothesis D. The neurodevelopmental model

D

Which of the following is not a part of the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia? A. The developmental event that causes the initial damage could be one of many factors; it is not a specific causal agent. B. Early damage to the mesocortical pathway results in the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. C. Hypofrontality results in a loss of inhibition of limbic structures, leading to positive symptoms. D. Cognitive functions are most affected by the excess activity in the disinhibited mesolimbic pathway.

D

Which statement about the abuse potential and dangers of antipsychotic medications is false? A. Physical dependence and a withdrawal syndrome have not been observed with use of antipsychotic medications. B. Antipsychotics are rarely abused because they produce no euphoria. C. Neuroleptic medications have a high therapeutic index and are very unlikely to be involved in overdoses. D. Tolerance to the side effects of neuroleptics has not been observed, which helps to preserve their status as non-abused drugs.

D

current theories of schizophrenia involve

DA, glutamate, and cortical abnormalities

a. the prefrontal cortex; amygdala

Dopamine plays a modulatory role in anxiety by apparently inhibiting _______ and thus increasing activation of the _______. a. the prefrontal cortex; amygdala b. the amygdala; prefrontal cortex c. the hypothalamus; sympathetic nervous system d. VTA; prefrontal cortex

anxiolytics

Drugs that relieve anxiety by reducing neuronal excitability

d. All of the above

Drugs that relieve anxiety include a. anxiolytics. b. sedatives. c. CNS depressants. d. All of the above

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

Extreme fear of being evaluated or criticized by others; sufferers tend to avoid most interpersonal situations or, if unavoidable, suffer extreme anxiety, which may take the form of a panic attack.

T/F - Post traumatic stress disorder is 100% caused by environmental trauma. That is, there is not genetic contribution to this disorder.

False

a. 5-HT reuptake; NE reuptake

In a double-blind crossover experiment comparing the ability of two antidepressants to reduce OCD symptoms, a drug that blocks _______ was more effective at reducing symptoms than the antidepressant that blocks _______. a. 5-HT reuptake; NE reuptake b. NE reuptake; 5-HT reuptake c. 5-HT1A receptors; NE reuptake d. DA reuptake; NE reuptake

b. BNST

In addition to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the _______ appears to play an important role in initiating sustained emotional responses of anxiety when danger signals are unclear. a. hippocampus b. BNST c. lateral nucleus of the amygdala d. prefrontal cortex

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Individuals show signs of constant worry and continuously predict, anticipate, or imagine dreadful events.

10-30

It has been estimated that __________% of Americans will suffer from a significant anxiety disorder at some point in their lives.

The Locus Coreuleus is where the majority of ____ projections start from

NE

Which neurotransmitter or hormone system is involved in anxiety?

NE, 5-Ht, DA, CRF

Which of the following is a type of schizophrenia characterized by delusions of grandeur or persecution? A. catatonic B. disorganized C. undifferenced D. paranoid

Paranoid

Researcher in the extra credit video

Sapolsky

prefrontal cortex (PFC);anterior cingulate cortex

The ______________________ and the ___________________________ exert inhibitory control over the primitive responses of subcortical regions, which allows us to cope with modern situations.

a. sedative; respiratory-depressant

Tolerance develops to the _______ effects of barbiturates, but not to the _______ effects. a. sedative; respiratory-depressant b. muscle relaxant; mood c. respiratory-depressant; hypnotic d. reinforcing; sedative

b. Prefrontal cortex

What area of the brain exerts inhibitory control over the lower brain systems involved in the emotions of fear and anxiety? a. Parietal cortex b. Prefrontal cortex c. Limbic system d. Temporal cortex

d. Amygdala

What area of the brain generates the physiological and behavioral components of the emotions of anxiety and fear? a. Hypothalamus b. VTA c. Locus coeruleus d. Amygdala

a. The individual experiences intense parasympathetic arousal.

Which of the following about panic disorder is false? a. The individual experiences intense parasympathetic arousal. b. The individual feels like they are going to die or lose control. c. The unpredictable nature of the attacks creates a feeling of anticipatory anxiety. d. The worry of having attacks in unsafe places often leads to the development of agoraphobia.

d. They are rarely so severe that they affect the quality of a person's life.

Which of the following about phobias is false? a. They involve fears that the person recognizes as extreme or irrational. b. They are in part determined by culture; for example the Chinese often fear the cold and loss of body heat. c. They are effectively treated by having the person relax while presenting the feared stimulus in gradually increasing intensities. d. They are rarely so severe that they affect the quality of a person's life.

a. It has been diagnosed in very few soldiers returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Which of the following about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is false? a. It has been diagnosed in very few soldiers returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. b. It occurs in people who have experienced or witnessed traumatic events, such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks. c. It is characterized by nightmares and flashbacks in which people relive the traumatic event. d. It is associated with increased physiological and psychological reactivity to events that are related to the trauma.

a. Ultrashort-acting barbiturates are the most likely to be abused.

Which of the following about the barbiturates is true? a. Ultrashort-acting barbiturates are the most likely to be abused. b. Short/intermediate-acting barbiturates are most likely to be prescribed for insomnia. c. Long-acting barbiturates are typically used for anesthesia. d. Amytal and Seconal are both long-acting barbiturates.

c. Acute anxiety

Which of the following is not a clinical anxiety disorder recognized by the American Psychiatric Association? a. Panic attacks b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Acute anxiety d. Phobias

d. It produces a severe withdrawal syndrome.

Which of the following is not a reason BuSpar has limitations as a clinically effective drug? a. It takes too long to work; hence it cannot be used for situational anxiety. b. It shows no cross-tolerance with other sedative-hypnotics and hence cannot be used to substitute for these drugs during withdrawal. c. It is not useful as a treatment for insomnia. d. It produces a severe withdrawal syndrome.

c. They are more effective at reducing anxiety.

Which of the following is not a reason that the benzodiazepines are preferred over barbiturates? a. They do not produce much sedation. b. They have a low incidence of tolerance. c. They are more effective at reducing anxiety. d. There is a less severe withdrawal syndrome.

Depression

_____________________ may develop with continued anxiety and anxiety-related difficulties; the link between anxiety and depression is well documented.

B-carbolines

a class of inverse agonists that produce the opposite actions of the BDZ drugs, namely, increased anxiety, arousal, and seizures

the locus coeruleus (LC)

a major cluster of noradrenergic cell bodies in the dorsal pons that send axons rostrally to several brain areas to increase vigilance and attention to physiologically relevant stimuli

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

a small neuropeptide that controls the neuroendocrine (HPA axis), autonomic, and behavioral responses to stress; responsible for inducing the anterior pituitary to release the stress hormone andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the blood, which in turn increases the release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

Individuals suffering from anxiety might abuse _____ to self-medicate

alcohol

Which of the following drugs is used to treat depression? A. monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) B. classic tricyclics C. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) D. all of the above

all of the above

Which parts of the brain might be involved in a major depressive disorder? A. mesolimbic pathway B. prefrontal cortex C. amygdala D. yypothalamus E. hippocampus F. all of the above

all of the above

According to table 20.1, which of the following is a possible effect of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists? A. parkinsonism (motor dysfunction) B. prolactin secretion (which increases lactation) C. reduction of positive symptoms of schizophrenia D. all of the above can occur with dopamine D2 receptor antagonism

all of the above can occur with dopamine D2 receptor antagonism

catatonic

alternating periods of immobility and excited agitation

according to your text book, which brain area might play a role in anxiety?

amygdala, hypothalamus, locus coeruleus

Fear

an emotional response to clear and current danger

Clonidine

an α2-autoreceptor agonist that has antianxiety effects.

Clozapine

antagonist at the D4 receptor and binds to 5-HT receptors

Because PCP and ketamine are ______ at the _______ receptor, they induce psychosis that resembles the positive AND negative symptoms of schizophrenia

antagonists; NDMA

Anxiety

apprehension about future events or misfortune and our ability to deal with them.

Where was the extra credit research based

baboons in Kenya, South Africa

_____ can be used to treat insomnia, but drowsiness is considered an undesirable adverse effect when these drugs are used to treat anxiety disorders

barbiturates

Which areas show reduced volume?

basal ganglia, temporal and prefrontal cortices, several limbic regions (hippocampus), white matter tracts

benzodiazepines work by binding to the ______ site on the ____ receptor

benzodiazepine GABA a

broad spectrum antipsychotics

block a wide range of receptors in addition to the D2 receptor; treat positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms

Yohimbine

can produces panic attacks in patients with panic disorder or PTSD.

undifferentiated

cases not meeting the criteria of the other subtypes

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates

cause sedation and reduced anxiety by binding to modulatory sites on the GABA receptor complex.

brain structure abnormalities

cerebral atrophy, enlargement of ventricles, reduced volume in various areas, disorganized neurons

paranoid

characteristic delusions of grandeur or persecution

anxiety

characterized by a strong urge to escape, and elicits a strong activation of the autonomic nervous system to mobilize the energy for "fight or flight"

Support of the glucocorticoid hypothesis of depression comes from the fact that many depressed individuals have high levels of _____

cortisol

Which of the following binds to glucocorticoid receptors int he hippocampus?

cortisol

positive symptoms

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, unusual ways of thinking, bizarre behavior

overall symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions, perceptual disturbances, inappropriate of absent emotions, withdrawal

Which of the following is a symptom of a major depressive episode? A. inflated self-esteem B. depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day C. racing thoughts or feelings D. distractibility

depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day

classical neuroleptics

discovered first -block D2 receptors (decrease dopamine activity) -not effective at treating negative symptoms -BAD SIDE EFFECTS

Too much _____ in the ______ pathway is though to mediate the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

dopamine mesolimbic

benzodiazepines

enhance the inhibitory function of GABA

approaches for treating cognitive symptoms

enhancing acetylcholine, enhancing glutamate activity at NMDA receptors might reverse negative and cognitive symptoms

the prefrontal cortex

exerts inhibitory control over the more primitive responses of the subcortical regions

T/F - for bipolar disease, treating only the mania or only the depression is sufficient

false

Some individuals experience anxiety but there is no clear cause. This anxiety can be present for much of the day, can persist for several months or years. These people have ________

generalized anxiety disorder

Which type of the following events doe not occur during stress activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis? A. ACTH causes the release of cortisol from the adrenal gland B. NE and ACh regulate of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus C. Cortisol feeds back to shut down HPA activation D. glucocorticoids feedback to stimulate the hippocampus

glucocorticoids feedback to stimulate the hippocampus

Negative symptoms are _____________, and are often mistaken for ____________.

harder to recognize, depression

Depressed patients...

have elevated cortisol levels

The concordance rate for bipolar disorders is _______ the concordance rate for schizophrenia among identical twins

higher than

the medial prefrontal cortex

important for fear extinction

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

important in formation of emotional memories; memories of past trauma or stress contribute to disorders such as PTSD.

Barbiturates

increase the affinity of the GABAA receptor for GABA, and they can open the Cl- channel without GABA.

Inadequate glutamate may explain the apparent _____ in mesolimbic DA and _____ in PFC DA.

increase, decrease

Panic attacks

individual experiences all the effects of a fear reaction without a threatening stimulus, accompanied by strong arousal of the sympathetic ANS.

Panic Disorder

individual experiences both panic (individual attacks) and anticipatory anxiety over the possibility of having an attack in a place that is not safe.

Glucocorticoids

induce physiological changes that provide the means to adapt to environmental challenges.

the "extended" amygdala or the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)

initiates the behavioral responses in anxiety

conditioned emotional response (CER)

involves making an association between an environmental stimulus and an aversive stimulus (i.e. the sound of a tone preceding the onset of an electrical shock)

the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia

is mostly based on how glutamate dysfunction can result in dopamine dysfunction, since glutamate regulate dopamine function in the mesolithic and mesocortical pathways

What kind of drug is Rohypnol and what is it used for off label?

it is a benzodiazepine and is used as a date rape drug

Reduced volume does NOT mean ___________; it means _____ somas, ______ dendritic trees, spine density, and _____ cell packing.

less cells, smaller, reduced, increased

which drug is used to treat the majority of patients with bipolar disorder, at least for treatments of the mania?

lithium carbonate

Brain NE comes from the _____ which communicates a lot to the amygdala to provide a mechanism for generating arousal, orienting, and responding to fear-evoking stimuli

locus coeruleus

avolition

loss of initiative motivation

the hippocampus

may have a role in some anxiety disorders because reciprocal connections with the amygdala modulate emotional responses.

parkinsonian symptoms

motor side effects, caused by loss of cell bodies in substantia nigra and lack of DA fxn in striatum and increase in cholinergic activity

The dopamine hypothesis states that there is too ______ dopamine in the mesolithic area, and this results in positive symptoms of schizophrenia

much

_______ is an example of a disorder that is often studied using canines

narcolepsy

Descending glutamate neurons excite mesocortical DA projections --- low glutamate would produce _________________, exacerbating __________ symptoms.

negative and cognitive

Which two symptom groups are resistant to antipsychotics?

negative and cognitive

The HPA access is regulated by the process of _______ ______

negative feedback

diagnosis is difficult because __________.

not present with same pattern of symptoms and symptoms change over time

Which anxiety is actually usually treated by giving and antidepressant like and SSRI?

obsessive compulsive disorder

Positive symptoms are predominantly seen in patients who are __________. These patients respond well to ______ and respond badly to _______.

older at onset; D2 blockers, enhanced DA fx

the central nucleus of the amygdala

orchestrates that components of fear: ANS activation, enhanced reflexes, increased vigilance, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and other responses

Other glutamate neurons excite inhibitory GABA neurons that inhibit the DA mesolimbic pathway—low glutamate would lead to excess DA release in the nucleus accumbens and _______ symptoms.

positive

According to the positive/negative symptom classification scheme for schizophrenia

positive symptoms are made worse by drugs that increase dopamine

flumazenil

prevents the effects of benzodiazepine (BDZ) binding, but has no effect on the GABA receptor

Neuroactive steroids such as pregnenolone

provide an additional modulatory role in anxiety by binding to a separate site on GABAA receptors and increasing the duration of GABA-induced Cl- channel opening.

agoraphobia is the fear of ______

public spaces

the amygdala

receives highly processed sensory and cognitive information about the environment from the sensory thalamus, sensory and association cortices, and hippocampal formation

regarding animal models, compounds used to treat depression ______ immobility time int he Forced Swim Test

reduce

negative symptoms

reduced speech, deficits in emotional responsiveness, loss of initiative and motivation, social withdrawal, anhedonia

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

released from the hypothalamus in response to stress.

disorganized

silly, immature emotions with disorganized beh (not rec. in DSM 5)

Behavioral desensitization is a technique that can be used to treat ___________

specific phobias

central nucleus of the amygdala; BNST

the _________________________ plays a role in response to sudden, aversive events, whereas the __________________ initiates an emotional response when stimuli are less precise predictors of potential danger; produces a state of sustained preparedness for an unclear danger and prolonged anticipation of unpleasantness

Norepinephrine (NE)

the neurotransmitter released at the target visceral organs during sympathetic activation.

GABA

the principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system that has a major role in modulating anxiety

Typical antipsychotics are pretty bad, in terms of their side effects. However, one good thing that came out of their discovery was that....

they helped reduce patient populations at public mental institutions in the United States dramatically, improving the quality of care of the mentally ill

tardive dyskinesia is an irreversible motor side effect caused by too much or too large of a dose of _______ (typical or atypical) antipsychotics which are used to treat schizophrenia

typical

Which of the following is an example of an anticonvulsant drug that shows some effectiveness for treating bipolar disorder? A. Valproate B. Carbamazepine C. Chlorpromazine D. all of the above E. A & B only

valproate & Carbamazepine

MAOIs are the last desirable antidepressant drug class, because when you take them

you can't eat delicious, delicious cheese anymore