UNIT 2

The ratio of mental age to chronological age for a child of average intelligence is

1:1

Raj, a four-year-old child, learned to open the door to a classroom by pulling on the handle. Now whenever he approaches any door he pulls on the handle and is confused when that does not work. This is best explained by Raj's having developed which of the following for door opening?

A mental set

Based on the data, what is the most appropriate conclusion?

Distributed practice is more effective at enhancing longer-term retention of material relative to massed practice.

Creativity is most closely associated with which of the following?

Divergent thinking

Hillary glances at a graph and then turns her head away less than a second later. When she tries to immediately remember what she saw, which of the following types of memory does Hillary use?

Iconic

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates context-dependent memory?

Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates context-dependent memory?

Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.

Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect?

Primacy

When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called

an algorithm

After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing

anterograde amnesia

If Juan tried to learn a long list of words, he would be most likely to forget words that

appeared in the middle of the list

During English class, Caleb is worried about an unfinished history project he needs to turn in later in the day. While the English teacher and other students discuss a short story the class just read, Caleb's attention is focused on how to finish the history project. The next day he is unable to recall the short story details presented in English class. The recall problem is most likely due to

encoding failure

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of

episodic memory

Gestalt psychologists studied how

people see a triangle with missing corners as a complete triangle because of the principle of closure

The earliest efforts to measure intelligence were directed at which of the following?

predicting children's success in school

Henry took an intelligence test and scored lower than he thought he should. He kept retaking the test, but he kept getting about the same score each time. This series of events indicates that the test was

reliable

When Lois looks at her wedding pictures, she has vivid memories of the early years of her marriage. The pictures serve as

retrieval cues

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called

selective attention

As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of

size constancy

A prototype is best defined as

the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category

A few people witness an assault. Before the police arrive, one witness confidently tells the others that the assailant was wearing a green shirt, though in fact the shirt was blue. Later, when the police interview each witness individually, almost all of them state that they remember a green shirt. The memory error is referred to as

the misinformation effect

The feeling that you know someone's name, but cannot quite recall it, is an example of

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Research on stereotype threat indicates that students might not do as well as they can on a test if

they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests

Luz, a math major, sees the drawing above as a Venn diagram. Her brother, an art major, sees it as two circles. The difference in perception is an example of Responses

top-down processing

People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates

top-down processing

Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation?

Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.

An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kinds of memory?

Episodic

A childhood friend asked Jeffrey whether he remembered where they went on summer vacation when they were eight years old. Jeffrey's ability to recall correctly will rely on which of the following?

Episodic memory

The ability to see a cube in the diagram above is best explained by which of the following?

Gestalt principles of closure

Bailey and Marcus packed everything they thought they would need for a weekend camping trip. When it rained and they realized they had not brought rain gear, Bailey said, "I knew we should have packed raincoats!" Bailey's thinking illustrates which of the following concepts?

Hindsight bias

Dr. Keith conducted a study to investigate whether caffeine improves focus and attention. He selected a random sample of students from his college class and then randomly assigned each of them to drink a cup of coffee or a cup of water before class. At the end of class, he administered a test on their knowledge of class material presented that day. Dr. Keith found that students who drink coffee demonstrate less focus and attention, as evidenced by lower test scores, and then claimed that he expected that result all along. Based on this description, which of the following is Dr. Keith displaying?

Hindsight bias

Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory?

Attention

Many participants in a study of memory were led to falsely believe that they were lost in a shopping mall as a young child. What memory construction error was demonstrated by the researchers' ability to create these artificial memories?

Misinformation effect

Ms. Ritter is a high school math teacher. She believes that some people are born good at math and others are not. At the beginning of the new school term, she was informed that her incoming class had poor performance on prior standardized tests. Which of the following is a likely outcome for Ms. Ritter and the upcoming school year?

Ms. Ritter will likely see her students' poor test results during the school year as confirmation of her beliefs that math abilities are fixed.

In studies of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident, the major influence on recall was which of the following?

Wording of questions the students were asked about the accident

A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory?

Procedural

A man sustains a head injury. After the injury, he is able to tie his shoes, but he does not recall where he lives. Which aspect of the man's memory is intact and which aspect is dysfunctional, respectively?

Procedural and semantic

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

Recalling the equation to determine the volume of a cylinder

Carlos sees the figure above as six unified columns, not four unified rows. Which of the following Gestalt principles is operating most strongly?

Similarity

In legal cases, research on the misinformation effect is most often used to cast doubt on which of the following?

The memory of eyewitnesses

Cassidy can only remember the titles of the first few books her teacher told her to get from the library. Which of the following concepts would best explain Cassidy's experience?

The primacy effect

Achariya is lost. She quickly scans the crowd and decides to ask an elderly woman for directions because she believes the woman will be kind. Which method of problem solving did Achariya most likely use?

The representativeness heuristic

Which of the following is always true of standardized tests?

They are supposed to be administered and scored in a consistent manner.

When Kaylee's friends discovered she was going to have her tonsils removed, they told her she was going to be in a great deal of pain. After the surgery Kaylee reported that she was in a lot of pain, although most of her pain should have been alleviated by her pain medication. Given this scenario, which of the following best explains Kaylee's reporting of pain?

Top-down processing

Which of the following is the most useful study strategy to help a student retain the words in a vocabulary list?

Using each word in a sentence

The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the

hippocampus

Although she has not sustained any injuries, Riley cannot remember anything before the age of three. She is most likely experiencing,

infantile amnesia

A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using which of the following memory concepts?

maintenance rehearsal

Short-term memory is best described in which of the following ways?

memory that can hold only a small amount of information