Unit 2
Pueblo Revolt
1680 uprising of Pueblo Native Americans against Spanish forces in New Mexico that led to the Spaniards' temporary retreat from the area. The uprising was sparked by mistreatment and the suppression of Indian culture and religion
Leisler's Rebellion
1689 class revolt in New York led by merchant Jacob Leisler. urban artisans and landless renter rebelled against new taxes and centralized rule.
Pequot War
1636-1637 conflict between New England settlers, their Narragansett allies, and the Pequots. The English saw the Pequots as both a threat and an obstacle to further English expansion.
Act of Religious Toleration
1649 act passed by the Maryland Assembly granting religious freedom to all Christians.
Metacom's War
1675-1676 conflict between New England settlers and the region's Native Americans. The settlers were the eventual victors, but fighting was fierce and casualties on both sides were high.
Bacon's Rebellion
1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon. Bacon and his followers, many of whom were former indentured servants, were upset by the Virginia governor's unwillingness to send troops to intervene in conflicts between settlers and Native Americans and by the lack of representation of western settlers in the House of Burgesses.
King William's War
1689-1697 was that began as a conflict over competing French and English interests on the European continent but soon spread to the American frontier. Both sides pulled Native American allies into the war.
Walking Purchase
1737 treaty that allowed Pennsylvania to expand its boundaries at the expense of the Delaware Native Americans. The treaty, quite possibly a forgery, allowed the British to add territory that could be walked off in a day and a half.
Cash Crop
A crop produced for profit rather than subsistence.
Iroquois Confederacy
A group of allied Native American nations that included the Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and later the Tuscarora. The confederacy was largely dissolved by the final decade of the 1700s
Imperialism
A policy of expanding the border and increasing the global power of a nation, typically via military force.
Consumer Revolution
A process through which status in the colonies became more closely linked to financial success and a refined lifestyle rather than birth and family pedigree during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The consumer revolution was spurred by industrialization and increased global trade.
Navigation Acts
Acts passed by Parliament in the 1650s and 1660s that prohibited smuggling, established guidelines for legal commerce, and set duties on tase items.
Anglicization
Adoption of English customs and traditions. This shaped colonial culture and politics in eighteenth century North America.
Which religious beliefs and practices continued in Europe after the Protestant Reformation? How did religious beliefs and practices change in Europe as a result of the Protestant Reformation?
After the Protestant Reformation, Catholicism was still widely practiced as the Protestant beliefs largely affect Northern/Central Europe. Some branches of Protestantism, such a King Henry VIII's Church of England, still retained many Catholic practices. However, many began to believe that salvation could only be found through faith, not in the purchase of indulgence, and began to take up the scripture for themselves (which appealed to the growing literate middle class).
Pilgrims
Also known as Separatists, a group of English religious dissenters who established a settlement at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. Unlike more mainstream Protestants, the Pilgrims aimed to cut all connections with the Church of England.
How did Pilgrims maintain specific aspects of English society on Plymouth? How did the society the Pilgrims developed in Plymouth differ from specific aspects of English society?
Aspects of English society that they maintained was the goal of colonization, which included Native alliances, desire for Native conversion/conquest, as well as the expansion of their colony. How they differed was that they held Separatist views, and followed a model for a (partial) self-governing religious congregation.
How did the economic relationship between the Dutch and the American Indians compare to that of the French?
At the beginning, Dutch relations with the Natives seemed similar to the French, trading for beaver furs with the Natives, such as Mohawks. However, the expansion of New Amsterdam on native land led to conflict between them and the Algonquian-speaking peoples. After raids and attacks on both sides, two decades of warfare erupted between them in which the Algonquians were defeated.
How did Nathaniel Bacon justify his rebellion? What were the results of his rebellion?
Bacon justified his rebellion because governor William Berkeley refused to send soldiers to help former indentured servants on the Western frontier who who being attacked by Native Americans. The overall result of his rebellion was damaged relations with the Algonquian people, the destruction of Jamestown, and the strive to full blown racial slavery to avoid white and black people forming alliances.
How did the Puritans maintain specific aspects of Pilgrim society in Massachusetts Bay? In what ways did the Puritans change society in Massachusetts Bay?
Both the Pilgrims and the Puritans left England due to disagreement with the Church of England and the desire to practice freely, which is reflected in how both societies developed a new (relative self-) governance model based around their religion in order to ensure the purity/piety of the community. Where they differ is both in circumstance (Puritans faired better) and and religious beliefs (Puritans=predestination), as well as the Puritans believing that the Church of England could be purified, whereas the Pilgrims did not.
How did colonists' motivations for settlement in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania during the late 1600s differ?
Colonists' motivations for settlement largely differed. The colonies of New York and New Jersey were created with the goal to create a larger North American empire and to increase the wealth of the Crown and England. The colony of Pennsylvania was more focus on being a religious haven, mostly because of the William Penn.
Joint-Stock Companies
Companies in which large numbers of investors own stock. They were able to quickly raise large amounts of money and shared risk and reward equally among themselves.
Headright System
Created in Virginia in 1618, it rewarded those who imported indentured laborer and settlers with fifty acres of land.
Calvinism
Developed in Switzerland by John Calvin, a version of Protestantism in which civil judges and reformed ministers ruled over a Christian society
Mercantilism
Economic system centered on maintaining a favorable balance of trade for the home country, with more gold and silver flowing into that country than flowed out.
Subsistence Farmers
Farmers who crow crops for their own needs rather than profit.
Redemptioners
Immigrants who borrowed money from shipping agents to cover the costs of transport to America, loans that were repaid, or "redeemed," by colonial employers. Redemptioners worked for their "redeemers" for a set number of years.
Powhatan Confederacy
Large and powerful confederation of Algonquian-speaking Native Americans in Virginia. The Jamestown settlers had a complicated and often combative relationship with the leaders of the Powhatan Confederacy.
Common Law
Law established from custom and the standards set by previous judicial rulings.
Slave Code
Laws restrictions enslaved peoples' rights, largely due to slaveholders' fears of rebellion.
House of Burgesses
Local governing body in Virginia established by the English crown in 1619.
In what ways was mercantilism both a continuation of and a change in British policies toward its North American colonies?
Mercantilism is a continuation of British policies by trying to gain profits from the colonies to benefit England, but was also a change due to stricter policies placed upon the colonies (goods to England before foreign lands, quashing colony industries, etc.) in order to keep the majority of wealth in England.
Patriarchal Family
Model of the family in which fathers have absolute authority over wives, children, and servants. Most colonial Americans accepted the patriarchal model of the family, at least as an ideal.
Church of England
National church established by King Henry VIII after he split with the Catholic Church in 1534.
Indentured Servitude
Servants contracted work for a set period of time without pay. Many Early migrants to the English colonies indentured themselves in exchange for the price of passage to North America.
How did Puritan society change between 1630 and 1700? What aspects of Puritan society remain the same between 1630 and 1700?
Puritan society changed largely due to the lack of land that came with increased populations. Increasing fears/accusations of witchcraft came with attacks from Natives/French, as well the English government. One aspect the remained the same was the family/community styles, where men and women had their designated roles and communities relied on each other, which also came along with the expanding western frontier.
Puritans
Radical English Protestants who hoped to reform the Church of England. The first Puritan settlers in the Americas arrived in Massachusetts in 1630.
What were some of the causes of English colonization of North America?
Reasons for English colonization is because they sought new sources of wealth, as inflation from the Colombian Exchange decreased the value of traditional sources of wealth. Social conflicts due to the Enclosure Movement (having lands only available to nobles, removing commoners from their lands) also meant a large population of landless people available for colonial settlement.
Predestination
Religious belief that God has pre-deteremined who is worthy of salvation, and thus it could not be earned through good works or penance.
How did the seventeenth-century Atlantic economy influence that of the West Indies?
The Atlantic economy influenced the West Indies economy due to the English's desire for a success similar to that of the Spanish, and thus established permanent settlement in the West Indies and were set on a tobacco based economy. As tobacco prices dropped, the English switched to sugarcane, a labor intensive crop. This economic expansion in the West Indies called for more labor, which led to rising numbers of white indentured servants and enslaved Africans.
What were the goals of the French in North America? What steps did they take to accomplish these goals?
The French were more interested in trade rather than conquering in North America. They did this by establishing relations between themselves and the Native Americans, trading European goods, such as iron kettles, for beaver skins. This also included marrying into Native kinships, creating a vast network of trading partners, and allowed mutual adaptation of one another.
How did international conflicts shape the colony of New York during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
The Glorious Revolution that deposed Catholic King James II shaped New York by causing class revolts. Jacob Leisler lead rallies against the centralized rule and taxes paced under King James II. Leisler's time in power was short lived, as Mary and King William came to power, and he was later executed.
How did the French and Dutch colonies in North America differ from the Spanish colonies to the south?
The Spanish colonies differed from those of the Dutch and the French in both size and native relations. While Dutch and French colonies remained relatively small (by comparison), Spanish colonies spanned from South America all the way to the North American border, which meant their forces were spread thin. They also arguably had worse relations with Natives, as some of their main focuses were to conquer new land and convert Natives to Catholicism.
How did the Virginia colony change between 1607 and the mid-1600s? What caused these changes?
The Virginia colony in 1607 consisted of around 100 colonists, and relied on the Powhatan Confederacy for survival, and was further weakened by a food shortage, harsh winters, and disease. However, the introduction of cash crops (tobacco) after the drought is what ultimately save the Virginia colony. This had a range of affects, such as increased profit, population, and tensions with the Powhatan Confederacy as the colony continued to expand.
What cultural changes did British North America experience in the early 1700s?
The bIggest cultural change was caused by mercantilism, which was made to benefit Great Britain, but also led to the creation of an elite merchant class in the colonies. This challenged traditional status, as now status was more based around financial success and refined lifestyle.
How did conflicts in the Puritan colonies, both internally and with the Native Americans, reflect Puritan society in particular, and the English colonies in general?
The conflict between Puritans and Native Americans reflects the English colonies as a whole, as the English desire for expansion (economic and population reasons) conflicted with Natives and led to warfare. Dissenters such as Williams and Hutchinson reflected Puritan society, as they created controversy around the idea of salvation only given due to God's grace, which conflicted with those in authority who thought of themselves as saints.
How did conflict in England shape the North American English colonies during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century? (*redo)
The conflict that was mainly responsible for the shape of North American colonies was the English Civil War, due to the strained relations between the crown and the Parliament. With the overthrowing of the Puritan Parliament (Oliver Cromwell: repealed Act of Religious Tolerance in Maryland) and the return of King Charles II, his successor, King James II, would create great change in crown-colony relations through the Dominion of New England. His daughter, Mary II, and William of Orange would restore and introduce democratic systems, as well as appointing royal governors.
Dominion of New England
The consolidation of Northeastern colonies by King James II in 1686 to establish greater control over them, banning town meeting, new taxes, and other unpopular policies. The Dominion was dissolved during the Glorious Revolution.
Describe the economic and ethnic diversity in the Chesapeake colonies during the middle if the eighteenth century.
The economic status in the Chesapeake colonies consisted of slaves, indentured servants, farmers, and plantation owners. Divisions grew between the rich and poor due to economic reliance on tobacco. There had been people of English, Dutch, French, Spanish, and African decent, but there was also a surplus of Scottish, Irish, and German immigrants at this time.
What factors shaped early English encounters with Native Americans in Virginia?
The land that the Virginia Company had been granted had already belonged to Chief Powtahan, who ruled over Algonquian speaking peoples. The settlers depended on them to survive, but were still aggressive towards them. Powtahan on the other hand, was interested in trading with them and making them subordinate, which included capturing John Smith along with two other colonizers, leaving only Smith alive. In their culture, this showed Powtahan's dominate over the English, but only led to them thinking Powtahan and his warriors were more of a threat than an asset.
Puritan Migration
The mass migration of Puritans from Europe to New England during the 1620s and 1630s.
Colonization
The process of settling and controlling an already inhabited area for the economic benefit of the settlers, or colonizers
What were the results of William Penn's interactions with Native Americans?
The results of Penn's interaction with the natives was that settlers and native people had good relations. Gaining more land through negotiation rather than military force also led to the line between native and colonizer settlements to be blurred, especially since many native peoples (Delaware and Shawnee) migrated to Pennsylvania after losing their land.
Veto
The right to block a decision made by a governing body.
What factors contributed to the rise of slavery in South Carolina? How did the economy of inherited wealth contribute to the expansion of slavery?
The rise of slavery in South Carolina in due to expansion of the cash crop industry, as well as where economic and political power was held in the colony. This power mostly landed in the hand of white planters and merchants who controlled the markets, wrote laws, and determined the terms in which a family (white or black) lived. Large landowners gained massive wealth off the work of slavery, and thus was passed down to their family, who then in turn continued to receive wealth through the expansion of slavery.
How did the transatlantic trade network create a common British Atlantic culture?
The transatlantic trade network created a common British Atlantic culture
How did religious conflict in Europe shape Maryland's shifting policies on religious tolerance?
When King James I appointed Cecilius Calvert as Lord Baltimore in Maryland, he strived for religious tolerance, as he was Catholic and had endured prosecution because of it. However, due to the English Civil War, Oliver Cronwell took charge in England and repealed the Act of Religious Tolerance. It was eventually passed again, but it was contested multiple times thereafter.
How did the economy of the West Indies affect the economy that developed in South Carolina during the late 1600s? In what ways was the economy of South Carolina distinct from that of the Chesapeake colonies during this time period?
While Charles II chartered the Carolina colonies to loyal English nobles, English planters with connections to the West Indies shaped and dominated seventeenth century society. In model of the most valuable West Indies colony, Barbados, they brought in enslaved Africans and made way for plantations. This made the economy of South Carolina distinct from Chesapeake as enslaved Africans were the main source of labor (outnumbered whites), and was one of the main ports for the slave trade.
Mayflower Compact
Written agreement created by the Pilgrims upon their arrival in Plymouth. It was the first written constitution adopted in North America.