Unit 2

2. Which of the following accurately describes the role that reason plays in theformation of moral judgments (according to Hume)? (HINT: see pages 102-103!) a. Reason plays absolutely no role in the formation of moral judgments. b. Reason gives us the necessary information about what is useful andagreeable. c. Reason is incapable of producing feelings of approbation or blame. d. All of the above.

b. Reason gives us the necessary information about what is useful andagreeable.

7. In Hobbes, "good" and "evil" refer to:(HINT: see page 89!) a. Pleasure and pain b. Virtue and vice c. The object of love, the object of aversion d. A and C

d. A and C

12. Human law (HINT: see pages 80-81!) a. Is man-made. b. Is the application of natural law c. Is valid only if it aims at the common good d. All of the above

d. All of the above

2. Why, according to Hobbes, do human beings enter into a commonwealth?(HINT: see page 93, paragraph 30!) a. Self-preservation b. Commodious living c. Stability d. All of the above

d. All of the above

5. Which of the following statements about the eternal law is correct? (HINT: seepages 77-78!) a. It is God's rule over the cosmos b. It is identical with God's essence, and as such cannot be known in itself. c. It is identical with Divine Reason d. All of the above

d. All of the above

6. According to Hobbes, government censorship is necessary( HINT: see page 96!) a. because some opinions might incite people to rebellion b. In order to promote concord c. Because peace, stability, and security are more important toHobbes than "free speech" rights d. All of the above

d. All of the above

6. Divine law is necessary because (HINT: see pages 71, 75!) a. Of the restricted scope of the human law. b. Of man's inability to judge other men's motives and intent. c. Man's ultimate end is not discoverable by human reason. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

11. St. Thomas Aquinas and Thomas Hobbes would agree on which of thefollowing? a. Commodious living is the highest object of human aspiration b. Man is by nature a political animal c. Do unto others as you would have others do unto you d. None of the above

d. None of the above

10. According to Thomas Aquinas' concept of Natural Law, all of the following would be deemed immoral EXCEPT: a. Suicide b. Homosexuality c. Willful ignorance d. None of the above is an exception

d. None of the above is an exception

8. Each of the following is a natural human inclination enumerated by Thomas Aquinas EXCEPT: a. To know the truth about God b. To procreate c. To live in society d. None of the above is an exception

d. None of the above is an exception

6. Mill makes each of the following points in the reading EXCEPT: a. Happiness entails a surplus of pleasure over pain. b. With the right kinds of habits and values, most people are capable ofachieving happiness. c. Internal sanctions are more powerful than external ones. d. The goal of utilitarian morality is for each individual to promote his or herown private interest.

d. The goal of utilitarian morality is for each individual to promote his or herown private interest.

4. A law whose effect is to diminish the common good would, according to St.Thomas, be (HINT: see page 76!) a. Legitimate, so long as it's made by him who has care of the community. b. An ordinance of reason. c. Legitimate, so long as it's promulgated. d. Tyrannical

d. Tyrannical

Each of the following is a type of law discussed by St. Thomas in our reading EXCEPT: a. divine law b. eternal law c. human law d. none of the above

d. none of the above

3. According to Hobbes' Leviathan, human life without government would becharacterized by each of the following EXCEPT: (HINT: see pages 90-91,paragraph 17!) a. no agriculture b. no technology c. no clocks d. none of the above is an exception

d. none of the above is an exception

6. According to Hume, morality is ultimately based on(HINT: see page 107!) a. reason. b. God's commands. c. social agreements. d. sympathy.

d. sympathy.

7. Each of the following statements is consistent with St. Thomas' natural law theory EXCEPT: (HINT: see pages 78-80!) a. The good is that which is consistent with man's nature. b. All lifestyles are perfectly natural, and hence good. c. The purpose of law is to make men good. d. That which runs contrary to man's nature is "evil"

b. All lifestyles are perfectly natural, and hence good.

9. For Hobbes, the greatest good and the greatest evil, respectively, for a humanbeing are: a. Glory and disgrace b. Comfortable self-preservation and violent death c. Salvation of one's soul and eternal damnation d. Virtue and vice

b. Comfortable self-preservation and violent death

12. Each of the following is true about Hobbes' social contract theory EXCEPT: a. It is the most viable means of escaping the horrors of the state of nature b. It stipulates that one must be willing to sacrifice one's life on behalf of thecommonwealth c. It forbids private men the freedom to be the judge of good and evil actions. d. It exists for the sake of preventing men from harming one another and beingharmed by one another

b. It stipulates that one must be willing to sacrifice one's life on behalf of thecommonwealth

1. According to Hobbes, which two needs drive human action? a. Personal gain and love of others b. Personal gain and survival c. Love of others and survival d. Love of others and desire for peace

b. Personal gain and survival

3. If a law is not promulgated, then (HINT: see pages 70, 74!) a. It is not a legitimate law. b. Everyone has a duty to search for and discover it. c. It is binding only on those who are able to discover it. d. None of the above

a. It is not a legitimate law.

10. Hobbes' statement, "In the state of nature, profit is the measure of right"signifies that a. Nature rewards energy and aggression b. Upright moral character is what gets you ahead c. Hobbes believes in karma d. Good intentions always prevail over immoral deeds

a. Nature rewards energy and aggression

13. Which of the following BEST captures the difference between Hobbes' Law ofnature and St. Thomas Aquinas' Natural law? a. The former induces you to treat others as you would want to be treated,whereas the latter induces you not to treat others as you would not want to betreated b. The former seeks the good of the body only, whereas the latter seeks the goodof both body and soul c. The former promotes charity and self-sacrifice, whereas the latter promoteshedonism d. The former sees justice ultimately as the product of divine legislation, whereasthe latter sees justice strictly as a product of human legislation

b. The former seeks the good of the body only, whereas the latter seeks the goodof both body and soul

4. "But though the benefits of this life may be much furthered bymutual help; since yet those may be better attained to bydominion, than by the society of others, I hope no body willdoubt, but that men would much more greedily be carried bynature, if all fear were removed, to obtain dominion, than to gainsociety." What is Hobbes' main argument in this passage? (HINT: see pages 90-91!) a. Most people would prefer to achieve comfortable self-preservationthrough entering into collaborative associations b. The life of a tyrant is preferable to that of a mere citizen c. The life of a citizen is preferable to that of a greedy tyrant d. Without law and order, life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish andshort."

b. The life of a tyrant is preferable to that of a mere citizen

4. According to J.S. Mill, in order to be qualified to distinguish between higherand lower pleasures, one must a. be trained in a philosophy department. b. have experienced both types of pleasures. c. have experienced only the higher pleasures. d. have experienced only the lower pleasures

b. have experienced both types of pleasures.

2. When faced with the complaint that utilitarianism is a doctrine worthy of swine,Mill responds that pleasures differ in:(HINT: see pages 114-116!) a. legality. b. quality. c. species. d. cost.

b. quality.

3. According to J.S. Mill, most people, if given equal access to all kinds ofpleasures, a. will gravitate toward those that satisfy their lower desires b. will prefer those that nurture and satisfy their nobler and higher faculties. c. will shun utilitarianism as a sham philosophy. d. None of the above.

b. will prefer those that nurture and satisfy their nobler and higher faculties.

5. According to J.S. Mill, it is possible for people who have experienced both thehigher and the lower pleasures to choose the lower if (HINT: see page 115!) a. they are no longer capable of enjoying the higher kind. b. they no longer have the opportunity to enjoy those pleasures. c. A and B. d. None of the above.

c. A and B.

5 "Drive safely: the life you save may be your own." This would be an example of: a. Psychological fatalism b. Christ's Golden Rule c. Hobbes' Golden Ruled . None of the above

c. Hobbes' Golden Ruled

1. Each of the following is an essential feature of law EXCEPT: (HINT: seepages 69-70!) a. It must be rational. b. It must be made known. c. It aims at the good of certain individuals only. d. It must be made by whomever has care of the community

c. It aims at the good of certain individuals only.

8. Each of the following is a characteristic of the state of nature EXCEPT: (HINT: see pages 89-93!) a. It is a war of every man against every man b. Life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short c. There are abundant resources available for human consumption d. There are no property rights

c. There are abundant resources available for human consumption

3. Hume claims that our final verdicts on moral matters are derived from (HINT: see pages 106-107!) a. Reason. b. a moral sense that is unique to each individual. c. a moral sense that is universal in our species. d. fear of being harmed

c. a moral sense that is universal in our species.

4. According to Hume, justice(HINT: see pages 105-106!) a. has no intrinsic value b. has value in part because it is useful to society. c. has value solely because it is useful to society. d. has value solely because it is useful to the agent.

c. has value solely because it is useful to society.

11. According to St. Thomas' Natural Law teaching, i. God is the author of the natural law ii. man-made laws are always grounded in the natural law iii. Nobody can have any understanding of the natural law if they lack access to the Bible and its teachings iv. morality is inseparable from human nature v. Man's natural inclinations in one society may be completely different in another society vi. killing innocents is wrong only because in the Bible God said "Thou Shalt Not Kill." vii. Philosophy (the love of wisdom) is natural, and hence good. a. i, ii, iii. b. i, v, vi. c. i, iv, vii. d. iii, vi, vii.

c. i, iv, vii.

1. According to Hume, the foundation of our moral judgments lies in (HINT: see pages 103-104!) a. our knowledge of science b. Sacred Scripture c. our feelings and sentiments d. rationality

c. our feelings and sentiments

1. J.S. Mill defines "utility" as:(HINT: see page 113!) a. usefulness for some craft. b. usefulness to society. c. pleasure and the absence of pain. d. it promotes the interests of the poor and does not harm anyone

c. pleasure and the absence of pain.

5. Hume defines virtue as(HINT: see page 103!) a. a tendency to maximize happiness. b. a tendency to pursue justice. c. whatever mental action or quality gives a spectator a sentiment ofapprobation. d. whatever mental action or quality brings about the best consequences forall.

c. whatever mental action or quality gives a spectator a sentiment ofapprobation.