Unit 2- Chapter 5
c
In considering gender discrimination in employment and business activity, the Supreme Court has ruled that any prerequisites based on gender or appearance A) fall within the penumbra of the commerce clause, and thus enjoy its constitutional protection. B) are unconstitutional. C) must have a direct relationship with the duties required in a particular position, or are otherwise discriminatory. D) can be accepted as non-discriminatory if the requirements have a longstanding tradition in the industry. E) are matters of private business concern and therefore not under the protection of the Constitution.
a
"Comparable worth: refers to the issue of A) paying men and women equivalent salaries for jobs requiring similar skills. B) government subsidization of women who choose to work at home. C) the inherent dignity and equality of women with men. D) reduced work responsibilities for women workers with children. E) equal voting rights and access to public office for women.
a
In its 1995 ruling in Adarand Constructors v. Pena, the Supreme Court A) changed direction and began to curtail federal use of affirmative action programs. B) outlawed discrimination against women in the construction industry. C) mandated an expansion of federal affirmative action programs. D) upheld federal affirmative action programs as constitutional. E) broadened the scope of state and local affirmative action programs that it considers constitutional.
c
In the case of Craig v. Boren, the Supreme Court ruled that A) sex classifications would be treated by the Court as inherently suspect. B) racial classifications were constitutional if they have a compelling, legitimate, and rational purpose. C) it would employ a "medium scrutiny" standard: sex discrimination would be treated as neither valid nor invalid. D) sex classifications would be treated by the Court as valid. E) all sex classifications were unconstitutional.
b
"Coverture" A) was the combination of electric shock therapy and drugs once used to .cure. homosexuals of their homosexuality. B) was the legal doctrine that deprived married women of any identity separate from that of their husbands. C) is a term used to describe the time when minority groups will outnumber Caucasians of European descent. D) was the principle used to justify the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. E) was the legal doctrine used to discriminate against Native Americans by placing them in reservations.
d
In the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, the United States Supreme Court A) voted unanimously to declare slavery unconstitutional and "barbaric," thus causing the southern states to secede. B) ruled that all adult African-American men had a right to vote under the Constitution. C) outlawed segregation laws which separated blacks and whites in all public places. D) ruled that a black man, slave or free, was "chattel," and upheld slavery itself as constitutional. E) for the first time placed a geographic limit on the expansion of slavery, banning it west of the Mississippi River.
a
One consequence of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was A) dramatic increase in the number of African Americans registered to vote. B) increased access of blacks to public accommodations. C) the increased use of gerrymandering. D) decreased involvement of federal officials in state election procedures. E) an increase in segregation.
c
Opposition to Civil Rights laws for the handicapped has been justified primarily on the basis of the A) inability of disabled persons to handle most employment requirements. B) fear that laws will lead to a quota system to hire disabled persons. C) high cost of programs to help the disabled. D) fear that the disabled will take jobs away from able-bodied persons. E) all of the above.
a
Homophobia refers to A) fear and hatred toward gay men and lesbian women. B) the tendency to be sexually attracted to members of one's own sex. C) the development of positive stereotypes concerning gay men and lesbian women. D) promoting the Civil Rights of gay men and lesbian women. E) an attitude of tolerance and acceptance toward gay men and lesbian women.
c
In 1990, Congress enacted the ________, a far-reaching law to protect a particular group of Americans from discrimination, ignoring those who claimed the price tag would be too high. A) Gay and Lesbian Civil Rights Bill B) Native-Americans Inclusion Act C) Americans with Disabilities Act D) Children's Rights Act E) Immigrant Grant Acte above.
c
In 1993, the Supreme Court ruled that sexual harassment is sex discrimination that violates the Civil Rights Act when A) the target objects a second time to touching, body language, or dirty talk. B) it causes severe psychological injury. C) the workplace environment becomes hostile or abusive. D) an employee can no longer perform his or her job. E) the target suffers a nervous breakdown.
e
In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court A) ordered the Topeka school district to spend more money on black schools. B) enunciated the principle of equal but separate. C) ruled that the visible signs of education were substantially equal between black schools and white ones. D) enunciated the principle of separate but equal. E) ruled that school segregation was inherently unequal.
b
In Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), Chief Justice Taney declared that A) the importation of slaves into the United States was illegal, but slavery itself was not. B) Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories. C) a slave who had escaped to a free state became a free man. D) slavery is inherently unconstitutional. E) slavery can be practiced in the so-called free states.
c
In Faragher v. City of Boca Raton (1998), the Supreme Court held that A) school districts can be held liable for sexual harassment. B) the military can not be responsible for sexual harassment at conferences. C) employers are responsible for preventing and eliminating sexual harassment. D) government entities are not responsible for preventing sexual harassment. E) none of the above.
d
In ________, the Supreme Court ruled that any "arbitrary" sex -based classification violated the equal protection clause. A) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke B) Dred Scott v. Sandford C) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools D) Reed v. Reed E) Roe v. Wade
b
Over the last 100 years, the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment have become the vehicle for A) extending the right to vote to non-whites, women, and 18-year-olds. B) expansive constitutional interpretation to outlaw arbitrary classifications which deny equality under the law. C) limiting the national government's ability to interfere in matters affecting individual states. D) government regulation of business and industry. E) all of the above
a
Policies that extend basic rights to groups historically subject to discrimination are known as A) civil rights. B) civil liberties. C) human rights. D) suffrage. E) affirmative action.
d
Poll taxes for federal elections were outlawed in the A) Voting Rights Act. B) Civil Rights Act of 1964. C) Supreme Court's Guinn v. United States decision of 1915. D) Twenty-fourth Amendment. E) Tax Reform Act of 1963.
a
Slavery was declared unconstitutional by the A) Thirteenth Amendment. B) Fourteenth Amendment. C) Jim Crow laws. D) Bill of Rights. E) Dred Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court case.
b
Standards of review used by the Supreme Court in discrimination cases include all of the following EXCEPT A) inherently suspect. B) more than reasonable. C) reasonable. D) intermediate, between reasonable and inherently suspect. E) cautious.
d
Suffrage refers to A) the practice of de facto slavery rather than de jure slavery. B) the legal segregation of the races or of men and women in hotels, motels, restaurants, and other public places. C) the hardships endured to obtain civil rights for African Americans and equal rights for women. D) the legal right to vote. E) the practice of shackling slaves working in fields so they could not run away.
a
Supporters of affirmative action believe that A) affirmative action produces so important a social goal that some reverse discrimination is acceptable. B) merit is the only fair basis for distributing benefits. C) discrimination is wrong, even when its purpose is to rectify past injustices. D) any form of quota system is unjust. E) some discrimination is acceptable.
d
The "gray liberation" movement refers to A) elderly homosexuals seeking equality. B) those seeking laws that break down racial barriers and promote harmony. C) anti-pollution activists who seek to reduce smog. D) those fighting for the rights of the elderly. E) those fighting for equal rights and justice for the disabled.
d
The 1991 convention of the Tailhook Association convention brought attention to the problem of A) the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment. B) homosexual activity in the armed services. C) comparable worth. D) sexual harassment. E) sexual discrimination in the courts.
d
The 1991 convention of the Tailhook Association of naval aviators experienced a celebrated case of sexual harassment when A) the commanding officer scattered his pubic hairs upon the desks of some of his female secretaries. B) the commander-in-chief of the armed forces asked a female aviator up to his hotel room ostensibly for business and then unzipped his pants, showed her his penis, and asked for oral sex. C) some men secretly videotaped their sexual encounters and then showed them at the convention. D) male aviators lined a hotel hallway and groped and kissed women trying to get to their rooms. E) All of these; it was a really sordid affair.
c
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 A) required all governmental buildings to have wheelchair-accessible entrances and facilities. B) added AIDS victims to the list of handicapped persons. C) prohibited employment discrimination against the disabled. D) added handicapped people to the list of Americans protected from discrimination. E) required an affirmative action program for the disabled.
e
The Brown v. Board of Education decision overturned the Supreme Court's 1896 ruling in A) Craig v. Boren. B) Dred Scott v. Sandford. C) Marbury v. Madison. D) Amos v. Alabama. E) Plessy v. Ferguson.
e
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 A) established the first affirmative action programs. B) ended discrimination in the purchase or rental of housing. C) ended the white primary. D) guaranteed minority groups the right to vote. E) guaranteed equal access to hotels, restaurants, and other public accommodations.
d
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 A) made racial discrimination illegal in places of public accommodation. B) forbade discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, or gender. C) prohibited gender discrimination in the work place. D) both A and B E) neither A nor B
b
The Civil Rights Act of ________, the most important law since the Emancipation Proclamation, made racial discrimination illegal in public accommodations throughout America. A) 1947 B) 1964 C) 1984 D) 1974 E) 1954
e
The Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling was handed down by the Supreme Court A) a few years after the Civil War. B) in 1896. C) during the Civil War. D) in the 1950s. E) a few years prior to the Civil War.
e
The Equal Rights Amendment failed because A) it was vetoed by the President. B) the Supreme Court voided it as unconstitutional. C) it did not win the required two-thirds vote in each chamber of Congress. D) it was rejected by the United States Senate. E) it fell three states short of sufficient ratification.
d
The Fourteenth Amendment specifically forbids the states from denying to anyone A) freedom on the basis of race. B) freedom of privacy. C) the right to vote on the basis of race. D) equal protection of the laws. E) the right to vote on the basis of sex.
b
The Fourteenth Amendment was one of three passed A) during the 1960s. B) directly following the Civil War. C) during George Washington's administration. D) during the Depression of the 1930s. E) right after the Revolutionary War.
a
The Nineteenth Amendment A) gave women the constitutional right to vote. B) outlawed the poll tax in federal elections. C) repealed Prohibition. D) gave African Americans the constitutional right to vote. E) ended slavery.
a
The Persian Gulf War showed that A) women could serve as combat pilots. B) women would not volunteer for combat positions. C) there is no place in the military for women. D) women did well in the military, but should not serve in combat positions. E) women's military performance was inferior to men's.
d
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 A) entitles all children to a free public education appropriate to their needs. B) increased the amount of financial aid to disabled people. C) guaranteed free, lifetime medical care and physical therapy for Vietnam War veterans. D) added handicapped people to the list of Americans protected from discrimination. E) prohibits employment discrimination against the disabled.
a
The Supreme Court case of Korematsu v. United States (1944) A) upheld the constitutionality of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. B) ruled that public discrimination against Japanese Americans is unconstitutional. C) set the stage for the extension of equal rights to Japanese Americans. D) awarded benefits to Japanese Americans interned during World War II. E) upheld the prohibition of the ownership of land by people of Japanese descent.
c
The Supreme Court has ruled that racial and ethnic classifications are A) legal if they are reasonable. B) not covered by the Fourteenth Amendment. C) inherently suspect. D) never permissible. E) exempt from the constitutional penumbras of the Bill of Rights.
b
The Supreme Court has voided each of the following sexual discrimination laws EXCEPT laws that A) provided for alimony payments to women only. B) made statutory rape a crime for men only. C) set a higher age for drinking for men than for women. D) closed a state's nursing school to men. E) provided child support for women only.
c
The Supreme Court ruled against some of the basic principles of affirmative action in which of the following cases? A) Metro Broadcasting Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission B) Fullilove v. Klutznick C) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke D) United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO v. Weber E) all of the above.
c
The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson A) for the first time established race as a suspect classification and ruled that former slaves must be granted land or otherwise compensated for their years of forced labor. B) outlawed slavery. C) stated that the principle of separate but equal public facilities for African Americans was constitutional. D) stated that the principle of separate but equal public facilities for African Americans was unconstitutional. E) ruled that slaves were chattel property and entitled to no rights under the Constitution.
a
The Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education was based on the legal argument that segregation violated the ________ Amendment. A) Fourteenth B) First C) Twenty-sixth D) Nineteenth E) Equal Rights
a
The Thirteenth Amendment A) forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. B) gave African Americans the right to vote. C) repealed the Twelfth Amendment. D) established the principle of separate but equal. E) repealed Prohibition.
e
The Thirteenth Amendment was passed A) in 1920. B) in 1850. C) in the 1960s. D) as one of the original Bill of Rights. E) at the end of the Civil War.
e
The Twenty-fourth Amendment, ratified in 1964, A) prohibited discrimination in employment or public accommodations based on race. B) granted Negroes the right to vote. C) outlawed the use of literacy tests in order to register to vote. D) outlawed the grandfather clause and the white primary. E) prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections.
a
The United States Supreme Court has handed down each of the following decisions concerning gender discrimination in employment and business activity EXCEPT A) requiring the federal government to give women equal pay for jobs of comparable worth. B) prohibiting gender discrimination in private business and service clubs. C) voiding laws and rules barring women from jobs through arbitrary height and weight requirements. D) protecting women from being required to take mandatory pregnancy leaves from their jobs. E) None of the above; the court has handed down each of the decisions above.
a
The ________ Amendment outlawed slavery in the United States. A) Thirteenth B) Nineteenth C) Tenth D) First E) Equal Rights
d
The ________ Amendment, adopted in 1870, guaranteed the right of African Americans to vote at least in principle. A) Nineteenth B) Thirteenth C) First D) Fifteenth E) Fifth.
a
The ________ banned gender discrimination in employment by law. A) Civil Rights Act of 1964 B) Fair Labor Standards Act C) Supreme Court ruling in National Organization for Women v. Bank of America D) Nineteenth Amendment E) Gender Equity Act of 1972
e
The ________ gave women the constitutional right to vote. A) Bill of Rights B) Fifteenth Amendment C) Twenty-fourth Amendment D) Equal Rights Amendment E) Nineteenth Amendment.
a
The case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke dealt with A) affirmative action. B) sexual harassment. C) the right to establish a gay student organization. D) comparable worth. E) paid maternity leave.
b
The case of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools (1971) A) prohibited busing for school integration. B) permitted judges to achieve racially balanced schools through busing. C) ruled that schools must set aside a federal judge-determined number of spots for blacks before they would be considered desegregated. D) gave state legislatures the power to determine school desegregation procedures in each state. E) ruled that schools could not limit the number of black students enrolled in an effort to minimize desegregation.v
a
The concept of equality before the law was introduced to the Constitution in the A) Fourteenth Amendment. B) Preamble. C) Fifteenth Amendment. D) Sixteenth Amendment. E) Thirteenth Amendment.
e
The concept that everyone should have the same chance is called equality of A) distribution. B) fate. C) rewards. D) results. E) opportunity.
e
The constitutional trail for securing equal rights for all Americans was blazed primarily by A) women. B) Hispanic Americans. C) Asian Americans. D) the American Indians. E) African Americans.
c
The courts have recently ruled that, under the Fourteenth Amendment, racial and ethnic classifications by states in regard to any matter A) are reasonable. B) are unconstitutional. C) are inherently suspect. D) are not the proper business of the federal courts to consider, but are up to the states individually. E) are arbitrary, but usually reasonable.
b
The fastest growing age group in the American population is A) Generation X. B) people in their 80s. C) infants. D) teenagers. E) baby-boomers.
e
The fastest growing minority group in the United States is A) Native Americans. B) African Americans. C) Japanese Americans. D) Hispanic Americans. E) Asian Americans.
d
The feminist movement was reborn A) when women became involved in the war effort during World War II. B) when the Supreme Court made its decision in Roe v. Wade. C) after the Civil War when women became inspired by the emancipation of the slaves. D) during the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. E) when the Equal Rights Amendment was first introduced in the 1920s.
c
The first African immigrants to America were A) clergy. B) small shopkeepers. C) kidnap victims. D) farmers. E) Nigerian ivory traders.
a
The first and only place in which the idea of equality appears in the Constitution is in the A) Fourteenth Amendment. B) Ninth Amendment. C) Preamble. D) First Amendment. E) Declaration of Independence.
c
The goal of affirmative action is to move toward A) equal facilities. B) equal opportunity. C) equal results. D) equal pay. E) comparable worth.
d
The grandfather clause was ________ by the Supreme Court in the 1915 decision, Guinn v. United States. A) overlooked B) established C) declared age discrimination D) found unconstitutional and outlawed E) upheld as constitutional
c
The grandfather clause was passed by Oklahoma and other southern states to A) exclude blacks from having the right to vote in primary elections, though they could vote in general elections. B) guarantee the equal rights of senior citizens in employment. C) deny African Americans the right to vote. D) deny land to anyone whose grandfathers were not white. E) distribute land to former slaves on the basis of how many generations they had served on a particular plantation.
e
The immediate reaction to Brown v. Board of Education (1954) was A) the busing of students to achieve racially balanced schools. B) the closing of schools in Topeka, Kansas. C) passage of the Twenty-third Amendment to overturn the Brown decision. D) the desegregation of public schools in the South. E) increased enrollment in private schools by whites in the South and a threat to close public schools.
d
The issue of ________ deals with women seeking to redress the fact that jobs traditionally held by men tend to pay far greater salaries than jobs requiring similar skills but are traditionally held by women. A) gender equality B) affirmative action C) feminized wage scales D) comparable worth E) the lace purse
d
The legal right to vote is referred to as A) civil liberties. B) the grandfather clause. C) civil rights. D) suffrage. E) coverture.
c
The one institution most responsible for putting civil rights goals on the nation's policy agenda was A) Congress. B) the presidency. C) the courts. D) the political parties. E) the state governments.
d
The phrase "all men are created equal" comes from the A) Bill of Rights. B) Constitution. C) famous pamphlet, Common Sense. D) Declaration of Independence. E) Bible.
a
The public policy paths for women and minorities converged in the debate about A) affirmative action. B) the Equal Rights Amendment. C) military service. D) gay rights. E) comparable worth.
c
The strongest and most controversial form of affirmative action is A) busing. B) comparable worth. C) numerical quotas. D) comparative worth. E) equal opportunity.
c
The white primary A) was the examination voters had to pass before being allowed to vote, designed to prevent blacks from voting because they had been denied educational opportunities. B) denied blacks the right to run for office in primary elections in the South. C) excluded blacks from primary elections, thus depriving them of a voice in the real electoral contests in the South. D) denied blacks the right to vote in all southern elections. E) allowed blacks to vote only in Republican primaries in the heavily Democratic South.
c
The women's rights movement was launched with the signing of the A) Feminist Manifesto. B) Emancipation Proclamation. C) Seneca Falls Declaration. D) Equal Rights Amendment. E) Declaration of Independence.
c
Thomas Jefferson, who wrote in the Declaration of Independence "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal," believed A) that slavery was immoral. B) in the principle of equal rewards. C) that blacks were genetically inferior to whites. D) that there were no differences among human beings. E) that all people are created equal at birth, but become unequal over time.
e
To render African-American votes ineffective, several southern states used the ________, a device that permitted political parties to choose their nominees in elections off limits to blacks. A) suffrage B) grandfather clause C) poll tax D) hidden ballot E) white primary
c
Today the equal protection clause is interpreted broadly enough to do all of the following EXCEPT A) reapportion state legislatures. B) prohibit job discrimination. C) permit sexual harassment. D) forbid racial segregation in the public schools. E) none of the above
a
When proposition 209 was passed in California in 1996, it banned A) affirmative action in public hiring, contracting, and educational admissions. B) affirmative action in federal hiring. C) affirmative action on behalf of homosexuals. D) affirmative action in the private sector. E) affirmative action on behalf of women.
a
Which of the following is TRUE? A) Many sex discrimination cases have involved men seeking equality with women. B) The Supreme Court first struck down a law on the basis of sex discrimination in 1920. C) The Supreme Court has so far struck down only a handful of laws for discriminating on the basis of gender. D) All of these are true. E) None of these are true.
e
Which of the following is TRUE? A) Women are prohibited from serving as combat pilots. B) Women are prohibited on navy warships. C) Women are now allowed in ground combat units. D) Both men and women must register for the draft at age 18. E) none of the above.
c
Which of the following statements about Native Americans is FALSE? A) Native Americans are the oldest minority group in the United States. B) Native Americans are guaranteed access to the polls, housing, and to jobs. C) Native Americans were made citizens of the United States long before African Americans received the same status. D) The Indian Claims Act of 1946 established a means to settle financial disputes arising from lands taken from the Indians. E) Native Americans are the poorest minority group in the United States.
a
Hispanic Americans comprise approximately ________ percent of the United States population. A) 14 B) 5 C) 22 D) 10 E) 20
c
Blacks were first given the legal right to vote by the A) Civil Rights Act of 1964. B) Twenty-fourth Amendment. C) Fifteenth Amendment. D) Voting Rights Act of 1965. E) Emancipation Proclamation.
b
Civil rights A) is the other term for civil liberties. B) are policies that extend basic rights to groups historically subject to discrimination. C) involve the principles of criminal justice. D) consist of legal and constitutional protections against the government. E) can be divided into the great political freedoms and protections at the bar of justice.
e
Classifications based on gender have been ruled to be ________ by the decisions of the Court in the past several years. A) reasonable B) strictly unconstitutional C) sexist D) inherently suspect E) somewhere between inherently suspect and reasonable
b
From about 1920-1960, the feminist movement A) experienced great growth and activity. B) was in a period of hibernation. C) was preoccupied with winning the right to vote. D) concentrated on anti-war causes. E) first coalesced as a significant political movement in the United States.
d
Classifications by race and ethnicity have now been ruled by the Court to be acceptable only in A) matters wherein certain races or ethnic groups show greater talent or less aptitude. B) laws passed by Congress, not those passed by the individual states. C) regard to rules and regulations of the armed forces. D) laws seeking to remedy previous discrimination. E) matters involving national security.
e
De facto educational segregation occurs A) by forced school busing to separate the races. B) by forced school busing to integrate the races. C) when segregated classrooms occur within an integrated school. D) by law. E) by the reality of neighborhood schools located in areas that happen to be racially segregated.
b
De jure educational segregation occurs A) by constitutional amendment. B) by law. C) by forced school busing to integrate the races. D) by the reality of neighborhood schools located in areas that happen to be racially segregated. E) from day-to-day depending on changing enrollments at a particular school.
a
During the first half of the twentieth century, the Supreme Court A) paid more attention to the .separate. than to the "equal" part of the separate but equal doctrine. B) allowed segregation in the armed forces. C) upheld the legality of all-white primaries. D) declared all Jim Crow laws unconstitutional. E) all of the above
e
Equal protection of the laws A) means that laws cannot establish different standards for the treatment of different groups. B) is guaranteed in the original Constitution. C) means that states have to make their laws promote equality among persons. D) provides a rigid standard for constitutional interpretation. E) does not deny states treating classes of citizens differently if the classification is reasonable.
b
Affirmative action programs are referred to by critics as A) negative reaction. B) reverse discrimination. C) positive negativism. D) comparable worth. E) degenderizing.
b
Affirmative action seeks to move beyond A) equal results to equal opportunity. B) equal opportunity to equal results. C) equal opportunity to equal rights. D) equal rights to equal opportunity. E) negativism to positivism in human relations..
e
After Brown v. Board of Education (1954), school integration in the South A) was unaffected by the decision. B) ended abruptly. C) was completed within three years. D) never changed. E) proceeded very slowly.
a
After passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, public policy toward women was dominated by A) protectionism. B) the principle of equality. C) coverture. D) matriarchalism. E) economic, but not political, advances.
d
Age discrimination laws have A) allowed children between the ages of 12 and 18 to leave their parents. B) lowered the minimum compulsory retirement age to 55. C) required employers to hire a certain percentage of people over the age of 50. D) denied federal funds to any institution discriminating against people over forty. E) all of the above.
c
Alice Paul authored the Equal Rights Amendment, and unsuccessfully pushed for its passage beginning in the A) 1960s. B) 1970s. C) 1920s. D) 1980s. E) 1940s.
e
All of the following were tactics of the Civil Rights Movement EXCEPT A) marches. B) civil disobedience. C) sit-ins. D) bus boycotts. E) none of the above.
e
American society generally emphasizes equal A) pay for equal work. B) results. C) rewards. D) distribution. E) opportunity.
e
Betty Friedan's book, ________, published in 1963, encouraged many women to question traditional assumptions and to assert their rights. A) A Handmaid's Tale B) The Second Sex C) The Female Eunuch D) Women and Economics E) The Feminine Mystique
d
In the case of Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court A) ruled that the removal of Japanese Americans from the west coast and their placement in internment camps during World War II was barbaric and unconstitutional. B) ruled just prior to World War II that Japanese Americans living in the United States had to be repatriated to Japan. C) upheld the constitutionality of the United States atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. D) upheld the constitutionality of the removal of Japanese Americans from the west coast and their placement in internment camps during World War II. E) ruled that restrictions on Japanese ownership of land in the United States were unconstitutional.
e
In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, A) housing discrimination was forbidden. B) the principle of .separate but equal. was overturned. C) school busing was allowed to remedy racial segregation. D) United States citizenship and all rights that go with it were granted to former slaves. E) the principle of .separate but equal. was used to justify segregation.
d
In the case of Reed v. Reed (1971), the Supreme Court A) struck down an Oklahoma law setting different legal drinking ages for men and women. B) declared that a woman's place is in the home. C) prohibited sexual discrimination in public schools. D) held that any arbitrary sex-based classification violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. E) declared that women are entitled to half the community property of a marriage when there is a divorce.
e
In the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Court A) refused to allow the admission of Bakke to University of California-Davis. B) was united in its decision. C) ordered that University of California-Davis could not use race as a criterion for admission. D) ruled that nursing schools cannot discriminate against men in their admissions procedures. E) ruled that a public university could not set aside a quota of spots for particular groups.
e
In the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the United States Supreme Court A) upheld all affirmative action programs as justified and constitutional. B) ruled that the University of California-Davis medical school could not discriminate against women, African Americans, or other minority groups. C) outlawed all affirmative action programs as unconstitutional. D) ruled that state-run nursing schools could not discriminate against men in admissions to their programs. E) upheld affirmative action programs, but limited their scope, and outlawed racial quota set-asides.
c
In the case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that a black man, slave or free, was "chattel" and had no rights under a white man.s government; it also ruled that Congress had no power to ban slavery in the western territories. A) Plessy v. Ferguson B) Craig v. Boren C) Dred Scott v. Sandford D) Brown v. Board of Education E) Amos v. Colorado
c
In the case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that affirmative action programs were not unconstitutional, but they could not involve a set-aside quota of spots available only to members of particular groups. A) Craig v. Boren B) Korematsu v. United States C) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke D) Reed v. Reed E) Roe v. Wade.
c
In the case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of races by law was constitutional so long as the facilities that were separate were also equal. A) Amos v. Alabama B) Brown v. Board of Education C) Plessy v. Ferguson D) Craig v. Boren E) Dred Scott v. Sandford
e
In the case of ________, the Supreme Court upheld federal court rulings ordering busing of students to achieve racially balanced schools. A) Craig v. Boren B) Plessy v. Ferguson C) Brown v. Board of Education D) Unified Transportation Co. v Madison County E) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools
a
Jim Crow laws A) imposed legal segregation on African Americans in the South after the Civil War. B) were an attempt to reimpose slavery in the South after the Civil War. C) gave African Americans the right to vote in local elections in the South. D) granted former slaves free land in compensation for their years of unpaid labor. E) allowed African Americans to hold state and federal offices in the South after the Civil War.
a
Jim Crow laws were those which A) were enacted by Southern whites in the late nineteenth century to segregate African Americans from whites. B) the North enforced in the South in the Reconstruction era following the Civil War, granting rights to former slaves. C) sought to end segregation and bring the races into closer contact with one another. D) justified slavery and set codes for slaves' behavior. E) established slavery and contract law regulating the slave trade.
e
Legal segregation of the races was declared unconstitutional in the 1954 landmark ruling known as A) King v. University of Kansas. B) Plessy v. Ferguson. C) Dred Scott v. Sandford. D) Craig v. Boren. E) none of the above.
b
Native-American Indians were made citizens of the United States in A) 1964. B) 1924. C) 1789. D) 1868. E) They were never made citizens of the United States.
b
Which of the following statements about Supreme Court rulings concerning affirmative action is FALSE? A) The Court has approved preferential treatment of minorities in promotions. B) The Court has ruled that affirmative action can exempt recently hired minorities from traditional work rules specifying "last hired, first fired" order of layoffs. C) The Court has ordered quotas for minority union memberships. D) The Court has ruled that public employers may use affirmative action promotion plans to counter the underrepresentation of women and minorities in the workplace. E) none of the above
d
Which of the following statements about affirmative action is FALSE? A) The constitutional status of affirmative action has not been very clear. B) Affirmative action puts an emphasis on equal results and not merely equal opportunities. C) Affirmative action has been used to establish special provisions to ensure that a portion of school admissions go to minorities and women. D) Polling data shows that most Americans support affirmative action. E) none of the above.
a
Which of the following statements about the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is FALSE? A) The ERA was ratified in 1982. B) The ERA battle stimulated vigorous feminist activity. C) The ERA battle stimulated vigorous anti-feminist activity. D) The ERA was first introduced in the 1920s. E) Congress passed the ERA in 1972.
b
Which of the following statements about the immediate consequence of women receiving the right to vote is FALSE? A) Many supporters of the right to vote accepted the traditional model of the family. B) The feminist movement gained steam immediately after the right to vote was secured. C) Winning the right to vote did not automatically give women equal rights, pay, and status. D) Many state laws continued to enshrine the traditional view of the family in public policy. E) Gaining the right to vote did not eliminate many of the challenges facing women.
b
Which of the following statements about women in the military is FALSE? A) Congress has opened all the service academies to women. B) Women, as well as men, are now required to register for the draft. C) Statutes and regulations prohibit women from serving in most combat situations. D) Women have served in every branch of the armed services since World War II. E) Women do not have a ceiling on the rank they can achieve.
c
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Civil rights policies have expanded the power of government. B) The steady expansion of civil rights has brought more groups into the democratic process. C) Current civil rights policies conform to the eighteenth-century idea of limited government. D) The rights ensured by the First Amendment are essential to a democracy. E) Lyndon Johnson was president when civil rights legislation was passed in the 1960s.
b
Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The American Revolution was fought principally in the name of equality. B) The delegates to the Constitutional Convention did not resolve the tension between slavery and the principles of the Declaration of Independence. C) Women's rights were hotly debated at the Constitutional Convention. D) Most colonists were eager to defend slavery. E) all of the above
e
Women were first given the right to vote by the A) Suffrage Act of 1880. B) Equal Rights Amendment. C) Fifteenth Amendment. D) Voting Rights Act. E) Nineteenth Amendment.