Unit 2 - The Internet

Which statements are true about computing devices? - All computing devices are able to run computer programs. - All computing devices are capable of being interconnected to form computer networks. - All computing devices have ways to store data for later use.

- All computing devices are able to run computer programs. BC... A computing device is a physical device that can run a program. It does not necessarily have networking hardware or long-term storage.

Which of the following is the best description of how routing works on the Internet?

A computer stores the destination IP address in the IP packet header and sends the packet to the nearest router. The router looks at the IP address and decides where to send the packet next based on a lookup table. The next router does the same, until the packet finally ends up at its destination.

Which of these statements about the digital divide is true?

A country which has the majority of its population online could suddenly shut down their citizen's access to the Internet for political reasons.

Which of the following least illustrates inequity caused by the digital divide?

A new company enters a competition to win funding but they do not win and have to shut down due to lack of funds.

Which of the following is the best description of an IP address?

A number that identifies Internet-connected devices

What does it mean for a system to be scalable?

A scalable system can handle an increasing number of users.

Which of these situations describes a computer network?

A video gaming club sets up six powerful computers in a room and connects them with Ethernet cables to a router. The club members play multi-player games together. BC... A computer network is a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

In what situations does a computer use multiple Internet protocols to send a message? - When it sends an encrypted message - When it wants an acknowledgement that the destination computer received the message - When it is loading webpage data

ALL THE ABOVE!!! BC... Every message that is sent over the Internet uses a stack of protocols, with each protocol providing a layer of functionality.

If she runs the tool again to trace the route of a packet to Google.com, what are the possible outputs? - The same sequence of stops - The same number of stops, but different IP addresses. - A shorter sequence of stops. - A longer sequence of stops.

ALL THE ABOVE!!! BC... Routing on the Internet is dynamic.

What is true about the computing devices exchanging data over the Internet?

All the computing devices that are exchanging data over the Internet are following the rules of the Internet Protocol (IP).

What's the best description of how Computer A sends the data?

Computer A splits the data into packets. It does a three-way handshake with Computer B to establish the connection, then sends each packet to the nearest router. If it detects packet loss, it re-sends the missing packets. BC... TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a connection. TCP includes several mechanisms to improve the reliability of transmission, such as the ability to re-send packets that were lost.

IPv4 is the first standardized version of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 is gradually being replaced by IPv6, a more scalable version of the protocol. Which feature of IPv4 makes it a less scalable system?

Each IPv4 address is a 32-bit number.

Packets can be lost: Lost packets are retransmitted:

IP TCP UDP True True True False True False BC... Whenever packets are sent around the Internet, packets can be lost. None of the protocols in the table can actually prevent packet loss. However, TCP is a protocol that works on top of IP and includes a mechanism to retransmit lost packets.

Many people worry about what would happen if either the Internet or the World Wide Web went down (if they suffered a complete outage and were unreachable). Which of these predictions is correct?

If the Internet went down, the World Wide Web would also go down, since the WWW relies on the Internet protocols.

Which description of Internet communication is accurate?

Internet communications are powered by many protocols. One of the most important protocols is the Internet Protocol (IP) since it describes both addressing and routing. Other protocols add layers of functionality on top of that protocol, such as TCP for reliable transmission.

Which of these is a way that the Internet Protocol (IP) contributes to Internet communications?

It describes a way to uniquely identify computing devices that are connected to the Internet so that messages can be sent to them.

Each IP packet contains a destination address. What is the primary purpose of the destination address?

It helps the router know where to send the packet.

Which of these statements about the Internet Protocol (IP) are true? - It is the only protocol used in Internet communications. - It is used every time a computing device sends a message over the Internet. - It is one of many protocols used on the Internet.

It is used every time a computing device sends a message over the Internet & It is one of many protocols used on the Internet

A startup creates a chatbot that uses artificial intelligence algorithms to have therapeutic conversations with users. Which of these decisions would most directly reveal the most about the chatbot's scalability?

Launching the chatbot in multiple platforms (Android, iOS, and Facebook) on the same day BC... The scalability of a system is its capacity to support higher demand and continue functioning effectively.

Which of these situations describes the invention of a networking protocol?

Leighton proposes a set of rules that describe a way for computers to send data on low-bandwidth connections and lists them in a document. Multiple network administrators agree to the rules and implement them.

Which research finding is most indicative of a digital divide in online political participation?

Men engaged more frequently in online political participation than women.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Protocol that operates instead of TCP in applications where delivery speed is important and quality can be sacrificed.

Which of these would be the least effective way to reduce the digital divide across households?

Providing free subscriptions to an online video course about digital literacy

How do routers determine where a packet needs to go?

Routers look at the IP packet header and use the destination address field.

DNS (Domain Name System)

The Internet's system for converting alphabetic names into numeric IP addresses.

One problem with packet-based messaging systems like the Internet Protocol is that packets might arrive out of order. TCP is a protocol that can deal with out-of-order packets. When used over IP, each packet contains a TCP segment with metadata and data. Which of the following best describes how TCP can reassemble out-of-order packets?

The TCP metadata includes fields that describe where the packet belongs in the sequence.

Which of these is a requirement for a computer to access the Internet? - A wired connection using either an Ethernet or Fiber optic cable - A monthly payment to the Internet Engineering Task Force - The ability to connect that computer to another Internet-connected device

The ability to connect that computer to another Internet-connected device

What are the likely consequences of a computer sending a message that does not follow that IP rule? - The administrator of the device will receive a message from the Internet Protocol Authority (IPA) reminding them of the proper addressing format. - The message will arrive at its destination more slowly since it will be forced to travel along slower network connections for violating the rules. - The message may not arrive at its destination at all.

The message may not arrive at its destination at all.

Which of these best describes the fault tolerance of routing on the Internet?

There are multiple routes for each IP packet to follow. A packet can be re-routed if a path becomes unavailable.

- First class letter: the default service with no extras. - Certified mail: sent using the standard route but provides the sender with proof that the letter was delivered. - Registered mail: sent using secure mechanisms along the way (e.g. locked cages). Which analogy between the transport protocols and USPS services makes the most sense?

UDP is like the first class letter service and TCP is like the certified mail service.

Internet Protocol (IP)

a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet. TCP is tightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

the written code that creates Web pages and links; a language all computers can read