Unit 3

Which elements of an argument do these two passages share? Select three options. the same claim the same purpose a call to action an appeal to emotion an appeal to reason

B C E

Which statements best describe a text with a problem-and-solution structure? Select two options. It describes a chain of events. It identifies an issue to be resolved. It argues against opposing opinions. It contains words such as answer, difficulty, and therefore. It contains words such as similarly and on the other hand.

B D

What is the definition of empirical evidence? Empirical evidence is evidence based on personal experience. Empirical evidence is evidence based on scientific research. Empirical evidence is evidence based on accepted truths. Empirical evidence is evidence based on historical facts.

B

What is the impact of repeating the word feared in the passage? It suggests a fearful tone in the passage. It ensures readers understand its significance in the passage. It softens the tone of the passage. It suggests the personal fear that Machiavelli feels.

B

What three things must a writer use to develop a successful argument? inductive and deductive reasoning, anecdotal evidence, and persuasive diction logical reasoning, relevant evidence, and persuasive diction historical examples, empirical evidence, and diction anecdotal evidence, empirical evidence, and logical evidence

B

When analyzing an argument, which elements should you focus on most? Select three options. counterclaim claim reasons dissent evidence

B C E

Read the passage. (1) Social media is here to stay. (2) No amount of complaining by an older generation who cannot even turn on a computer will change the fact that we live in a social media world. (3) Increasing access to social media for people who are afraid to use it or unwilling to try it should be the first step toward making the playing field a bit more even for everyone. What fallacy does this argument use? an ad hominem attack an appeal to emotion a false dilemma a bandwagon appeal

A

What type of fallacy does this argument represent? hasty generalization ad populum begging the claim genetic fallacy

A

When analyzing an argument, which element should you identify first? the reasons the claim the evidence the author

B

How can the writer use understatement in this passage? by changing the phrase "young people" to "most people" in sentence 1 by deleting the words obvious and potentially from sentence 3 by adding the phrase "so a few lives might be saved" to the end of sentence 4 by shortening the passage to only five sentences by removing sentence 5

C

What is a counterclaim? a detail that supports reasons for a claim an opinion or belief that a claim is true a refutation of a claim, with evidence an invalid or flawed claim, with reasons

C

Which features of the passage are typical of a compare/contrast structure? Select three options. It identifies two groups that will be discussed. It explains the reasons invading forces did not succeed. It uses the signal word nevertheless to indicate a difference. It uses the signal phrase for example to introduce evidence. It describes similar and different outcomes to similar actions.

A C E

Which element of an argument acknowledges that the opposing position has some merit? claim appeal concession counterargument

C

How does anecdotal evidence in this passage support the claim that cruelty is a necessary part of leadership? by showing how Scipio was too lenient and his army rebelled by depicting how leniency destroyed the Senate by showing how Fabius Maximus was feared in the Senate by showing how Scipio's army rebelled, and how he stopped the rebellion

A

What impact do the words feared and hatred have on the meaning of the passage? They suggest that a ruler who is feared can retain power, while a ruler who is hated is less likely to do so. They suggest that hatred is more powerful than fear, allowing a ruler to take power from people by taking their possessions. They suggest that, if a prince has to put someone to death, he will be hated rather than feared. They suggest that both fear and hatred can be useful, depending on the situation.

A

What reasoning does Machiavelli use in this passage? Machiavelli uses deductive reasoning by first introducing the conclusion that new rulers must be cruel and then supporting it with evidence. Machiavelli uses deductive reasoning by starting with statistical evidence and then concluding that rulers must be cruel. Machiavelli uses inductive reasoning by first presenting an observed pattern of details and then concluding that new rulers must be cruel. Machiavelli uses inductive reasoning by starting with the conclusion that new rulers must be cruel and then supporting it with short narratives.

A

Which option best states the main idea of the passage? Former republics are more difficult to rule than hereditary states, and they will rebel if they are not tightly controlled. The strategies for controlling hereditary states and former republics are the same. Hereditary states come with a history that must be deeply understood if a new prince is to control them easily. Hereditary states never forget their former loyalties, so they are hard to control.

A

Which statement best compares and contrasts the conclusions of these passages? Both conclusions wish other nations of the world well, but Chamberlain advocates imperialism, while Nehru advocates freedom for India. Both conclusions advocate freedom of religion, but Chamberlain wants a separate England, while Nehru wants unity with England. Both conclusions encourage the union of British people, but Chamberlain considers other countries rivals, while Nehru cooperates with them. Both conclusions describe other nations as competition, but Chamberlain wants peace, while Nehru wants democracy.

A

Which statement best evaluates the effectiveness of the evidence in this passage? Nehru makes an effective appeal to reason by saying that this is no time for blame, but is time for building. Nehru makes an effective appeal to emotions by saying that there is work to do to redeem pledges taken. Nehru makes an ineffective appeal to reasoning by saying that the day has been appointed by destiny. Nehru makes an ineffective appeal to emotions by saying that problems from the past have to be solved.

A

Which statement best evaluates the evidence used in this argument? The author presents empirical evidence, then uses logical evidence to highlight the connection between the data and the claim. The author focuses on logical evidence, then uses anecdotal evidence to share children's viewpoints. The author uses primarily anecdotal evidence, as a fan of professional athletes, then uses empirical evidence to provide support. The author employs empirical, logical, and anecdotal evidence equally to support the claim with data, common sense, and a short narrative.

A

Which statement best serves as a counterclaim to the claim in this passage? Taney fails to provide any actual evidence for his statements that African Americans were universally considered inferior. Taney cannot use states' rights to claim that the plaintiff is not a citizen, because citizenship is federal. Taney's argument that emancipated people were still controlled by whites is false because they were free. Taney's argument that African Americans were not citizens is false because their ancestors were forced to come here.

A

Which statements describe a text with an argumentative structure? Select three options. It states an opinion. It offers reasons and evidence. It acknowledges opposing claims. It uses words such as problem, solve, and answer. It uses words such as likewise, similarly, and in contrast.

A B C

Which fallacies appear in this passage? Select three options. An appeal to emotion is used to make people feel guilty if they do not support the legislation. A false dilemma is used to claim that legislation is the only way to protect the environment. An ad hominem is used to attack representatives for failing to help endangered species. A bandwagon appeal is used to suggest that every American wants to help endangered species. A false dilemma is used to introduce the idea that the legislation could protect many organisms.

A B D

How does Machiavelli work to achieve his secondary purpose—to inform his readers? He explains that principalities don't know how to rule themselves. He describes the steps people take when they join rebellions. He describes the emotions of people in a conquered republic. He shows the different roles within a royal family. He argues why a prince should sometimes ruin a city.

A C

What features of the passage identify it as using a cause-and-effect structure? Select three options. The first sentence lists specific conditions followed by what might eventually happen. The first sentence uses the expressions "on the one hand" and "on the other hand." The second sentence starts with the expression "for this reason." The second sentence lists potential consequences of the situation described. The second sentence describes the citizens of the conquered city.

A C D

An author's main opinion in an argumentative text is the appeal. claim. concession. counterargument.

B

How are the audiences of these two arguments different? Chamberlain is speaking to everyone who lives in a British colony, while Nehru is speaking only to Indian people. Chamberlain is speaking to white British citizens who live in colonies, while Nehru is speaking to all of India's people. Chamberlain is speaking to his political enemies, while Nehru is speaking to his political allies in a friendly environment. Chamberlain is speaking to members of his nation, while Nehru is speaking to the members of his nation's assembly.

B

How does the text structure help the author convey his central idea in this chapter? By describing the actions taken by the Spartans and the Romans, Machiavelli sets up a comparison with the actions of other conquering forces discussed in the chapter. By contrasting the outcomes of Spartan and Roman conquests, Machiavelli provides evidence to support his claim that a prince must destroy a free city in order to hold it. By contrasting the goals of the Spartans and the Romans, Machiavelli establishes the problem of maintaining control of a conquered city, to which he will propose a solution. By listing the effects of these Spartan and Roman conquests, Machiavelli supports his overall description of how princes do or do not maintain control over the cities they conquer.

B

To summarize the central idea in a text, readers should identify the topic and then identify little-known facts about the topic. the author's opinion about the topic. other readers' opinions about the topic. scientific facts about the topic.

B

What is logical evidence? scientific research, observations, and experiments reasoning, laws, and accepted examples narratives, personal experiences, and subjective accounts numerical data and survey results

B

What is the best definition of an argumentative text? a text that uses persuasive language to promote one point of view on an issue a text that supports a claim about a debatable topic using evidence as support a text that presents evidence to inform the audience about a specific topic a text that uses rhetorical devices to support a particular perspective

B

What is the definition of anecdotal evidence? Anecdotal evidence is evidence that is based on scientific research, experiments, and observation. Anecdotal evidence is evidence that is based on personal experience or short narratives. Anecdotal evidence is evidence that is based on accepted truths, facts, and definitions. Anecdotal evidence is evidence based on historical examples and events.

B

What is the difference between a Supreme Court opinion and a Supreme Court dissent? An opinion is a Supreme Court decision that the majority of the judges disagree with, while a dissent agrees with the decision. An opinion is a Supreme Court decision that the majority of the judges agree with, while a dissent disagrees with the decision. An opinion is a Supreme Court summary of the case, while a dissent is the final decision made on the case. An opinion is a Supreme Court decision suggested by one of the judges, while a dissent summarizes previous decisions on similar issues.

B

What type of evidence does Roosevelt use to support the claim that the United Nations must attain unanimity on the human rights issue? Roosevelt uses anecdotal evidence by discussing how other countries have approached human rights struggles in the past. Roosevelt uses logical evidence by explaining that, once people have seen these freedoms, they will want them for themselves. Roosevelt uses anecdotal evidence by sharing that, because human rights make government work, they must be part of the law. Roosevelt uses logical evidence by referring to data about peaceful struggles for human rights around the world.

B

Which statement best compares the evidence presented in these two passages? Both speakers use evidence of soldiers' sacrifices as proof of the meaninglessness of war. Both speakers use evidence of soldiers' sacrifices as proof of national unity. Both speakers use evidence of war as proof of the failure of colonialism. Both speakers use evidence of war as proof of the necessity to maintain the status quo.

B

Which statement best describes the concession that Nehru makes in this passage? The people of India should face their problems and burdens together as a nation. The people of India are suffering, and the country faces difficult problems. Representatives rejoice in freedom and acknowledge their responsibilities to the people. Representatives have to face responsibilities in the spirit of a free and disciplined people.

B

Which statement best summarizes the central idea of the paragraph? A prince can hold a newly acquired state that is accustomed to freedom only by first ruining it, then moving there and establishing an oligarchy that is loyal to him. There are three ways for a prince to hold a newly acquired state that is accustomed to freedom: ruin it, live there, or create an oligarchy that is loyal to him—and the third way is easiest. A prince can hold a newly acquired state that is accustomed to freedom only by first ruining it, then moving there and winning the citizens' loyalty by granting them freedom. There are three ways for a prince to hold a newly acquired state that is accustomed to freedom: ruin it, live there, or create an oligarchy that is loyal to him, all of which are equally effective.

B

Which statement best summarizes the conclusion of the speech? India must continue to foster communalism and focus on differences among people. India must live up to the standards of a great country by promoting freedom and equality. India does not demand further action from its citizens, but wishes peace to other countries. India must forget its heritage and become a completely modern and secular country.

B

Which questions must be considered when evaluating the effectiveness of an argument? Select four options. Is there empirical evidence in the argument? Is there reliable evidence to support the reasons? Are there logical reasons to believe the claim? Is the author's claim clear to the reader? Does the author's diction affect the reader as intended?

B C D E

How does a writer support a counterclaim after stating it? Select three options. by begging the claim by restating the original claim by providing reasons by describing the topic by supporting it with evidence

B C E

What meaning is emphasized by the words temperate, prudence, and humanity in the paragraph? that princes are even harsher than Machiavelli describes that readers should not have sympathy for a prince that a prince should only be cruel when necessary that weak rulers must learn to be frightening

C

What reason does Warren give for believing that "separate but equal" does not give minority children equal educational opportunities? the findings of the court in Plessy v. Ferguson regarding equal educational facilities the reduced effects of segregation when it is sanctioned by federal regulations the findings that a sense of inferiority affects the motivation to learn the differences in educational and mental development in public and private schools

C

What type of evidence does Machiavelli most use to support the argument that it is better for a prince to be feared than loved? empirical evidence in the form of observation historical evidence in the form of comparisons logical evidence in the form of generalizations logical evidence in the form of inductive reasoning

C

What type of evidence does Nehru include to support the claim? empirical evidence, with data about the number of Indian soldiers who lost their lives empirical evidence, with information about the people who followed the father of the nation anecdotal evidence, with stories of India's past efforts toward freedom and its sacrifices anecdotal evidence, with reasons to pursue freedom rather than remain under the empire's rule

C

Which statement best describes an effective counterclaim to the claim in this passage? Because Dred Scott's parents were born outside the United States, he is not considered to be a citizen with all the rights granted by the Constitution. Because Dred Scott was the child of enslaved people, he is considered to be of a different class than citizens, according to the Constitution. Because Dred Scott and his family were born in the United States, they are citizens with all the rights granted by the Constitution. Because Dred Scott lives in a free state, he is considered to be a citizen with all the rights granted by the Constitution.

C

Which statements are examples of debatable claims about immigration? Select two options. The majority of the country is in favor of significant changes to current immigration policies. The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is an immigration policy that was established in 2012. The number of immigrants allowed to stay in the country is affecting job availability for others. Immigrants are responsible for many of the advances in technology and other areas of industry. Permanent legal residents and foreign nationals are two examples of legal US immigrants.

C D

How does Machiavelli work to achieve his primary purpose to convince readers that a prince must ruin a conquered republic or live there? Select two options. He lists the types of territories a prince might conquer. He describes the role of a ruling family in a principality. He explains the roots of rebellion in conquered republics. He identifies the characteristics of government in a republic. He contrasts the characteristics of principalities and republics.

C E

Which rhetorical devices does President Trump use in this excerpt? Select two options. Trump uses anaphora in sentence 1. Trump uses an allusion in sentence 3. Trump uses overstatement in sentence 5. Trump uses tricolon in sentence 7. Trump uses repetition in sentences 6 and 7.

C E

What evidence does President Obama use to support the claim that the child-refugee problem needs to be addressed and fixed? Select two options. Obama uses empirical evidence, since he names the specific countries where refugees live. Obama uses empirical evidence, since he uses a verifiable source in the refugee from Myanmar. Obama uses logical evidence, since it is reasonable to state that refugees want homes of their own. Obama uses logical evidence, since it is common sense that most young girls are gifted. Obama uses anecdotal evidence, since he shares stories about his visits to war-torn countries. Obama uses anecdotal evidence, since he shares a personal experience he has had with a refugee.

C F

What is anecdotal evidence? a statistic or piece of data a comparison or analogy a professional or expert's testimony a personal story or historical example

D

Which passage provides more effective evidence, and why? Passage 1 is more effective because the evidence is logical and does not include fallacies. Passage 1 is more effective because the evidence is logical and cannot be opposed. Passage 2 is more effective because the evidence is logical and includes two perspectives. Passage 2 is more effective because the evidence is logical and is supported by anecdotes.

D

What is the most important idea the author wants readers to know? There are three means of holding a newly acquired state that is accustomed to freedom. The easiest way to hold a newly acquired state is to play on the citizens' own interests. A government created by a prince knows that it is in its own interest to remain loyal to the prince. One way to hold a newly acquired state accustomed to freedom is to establish a friendly government.

A

Which statement best describes the fallacy in this passage? Justice Taney assumes that the writers of the Constitution would agree with him about citizenship. Justice Taney uses the argument that African Americans are not citizens to prove that they are not citizens. Justice Taney assumes that the other justices on the court would agree with him about citizenship. Justice Taney uses the argument that Dred Scott is an enslaved person to prove that he is not a citizen.

A

Which statement best explains why the evidence provided in the text is a fallacy? The writer uses an appeal to emotion by portraying her family as abandoned by policy makers. The writer uses a bandwagon statement by claiming that her family is an "average American family." The writer uses an ad hominem argument by attacking those who make healthcare decisions. The writer uses a false dilemma by stating that insurance is both necessary and unaffordable.

A

How does the author's diction affect the tone in this passage? Words like inhuman, cruelty, and terrible support a tone of fear. Words like wonderful, boundless, valour, revered, and virtues support a tone of admiration. Words like sufficient, enumerated, virtues, and dissensions support a critical tone. Words like dissensions, bad, inhuman, cruelty, and terrible support a tone of sorrow.

B

In the context of the passage, what is the connotation of beloved and love? They suggest friendship, suggesting that even base men need close bonds. They suggest weakness, since Machiavelli argues the bonds of love are easily broken. They suggest faithfulness, since Machiavelli's love can be relied on in times of need. They suggest faithfulness, suggesting obligations that are secured through love.

B

Which sentence from this passage is an example of anecdotal evidence? "The basic problem confronting the world today, as I said in the beginning, is the preservation of human freedom for the individual." "We are fighting this battle again today as it was fought at the time of the French Revolution and as the time of the American Revolution." "Long ago in London during a discussion with Mr. Vyshinsky, he told me there was no such things as freedom for the individual in the world." "We here in the United Nations are trying to develop ideals which will be broader in outlook, which will consider first the rights of man."

C

Which statement best evaluates the effectiveness of the evidence Nehru uses to support his claim? The evidence is not effective because Nehru scares off his audience with a description of how hard the work will be. The evidence is effective because Nehru appeals to the emotions of the assembly to convince them that the work will be difficult. The evidence is not effective because Nehru does not give adequate reasons for the assembly to work hard for the people. The evidence is effective because Nehru gives several examples to the assembly of the hard work that needs to be done.

D

Read this passage from chapter 5 of The Prince. There are, for example, the Spartans and the Romans. The Spartans held Athens and Thebes, establishing there an oligarchy: nevertheless they lost them. The Romans, in order to hold Capua, Carthage, and Numantia, dismantled them, and did not lose them. They wished to hold Greece as the Spartans held it, making it free and permitting its laws, and did not succeed. So to hold it they were compelled to dismantle many cities in the country, for in truth there is no safe way to retain them otherwise than by ruining them. What organizational structure does Machiavelli use to develop the central idea in this passage? argumentative cause and effect compare and contrast problem and solution

C

What is Machiavelli's primary purpose in writing this passage? to inform readers about the differences between principalities and republics to entertain readers with exciting stories of historical wars, conquests, and rebellions to convince readers that, to hold a conquered republic, a prince must ruin it or live there to persuade readers that a prince must eradicate the royal family of a conquered principality

C

What is Machiavelli's primary purpose in writing this passage? to inform readers about the history of Rome and Sparta and how they built their empires to inform readers about the fates of the cities conquered by the Spartans and the Romans to persuade readers that a conquering prince must destroy a former republic if he hopes to hold it to persuade readers that a republic will remember freedom and someday rebel against a conqueror

C

How does the evidence in the first passage differ from the evidence in the second? Passage 1 uses anecdotal evidence, while passage 2 uses empirical evidence. Passage 1 uses empirical evidence, while passage 2 uses logical evidence. Passage 1 uses anecdotal evidence, while passage 2 uses logical evidence. Passage 1 uses logical evidence, while passage 2 uses anecdotal evidence.

D

In this passage by the Roman poet Virgil, Queen Dido speaks about the responsibilities of a ruler. How does the phrase infant state in the second line affect the tone? It changes the tone to make it more threatening. It supports the overall tone of fear. It changes the tone to become more serious. It suggests a tone of loving concern.

D

What reason does Warren give for making the claim that comparing "tangible factors" is not enough to evaluate segregation? Educational and physical facilities themselves are not actually equal. The state has promised to provide equal educational opportunities. Age and qualifications in public schools are a more reliable factor to examine. The real impact of racial segregation is emotional damage to minority students.

D

Which sentence in the passage contains an allusion? sentence 1 sentence 3 sentence 4 sentence 5

D