Unit 3 Art Appreciation

For a sculpture to be considered high relief, the forms must project out from the background for at least ______ percent of their visual depth.

50

What do you see when you look at this sculpture from the ancient Middle East?

A man's body with wings and an eagle's head Plants carved in a stylized fashion Cuneiform text

By what is the weight of a suspension bridge primarily supported?

A series of steel cables

Which characteristics best describe synthetic resin as a sculptural material?

A wide range of colored pigments in can be added to incorporate color. The appearance of more traditional sculptural material can be easily mimicked.

Balloon Frame

A wooden structural support system developed in the United States in the middle nineteenth century in which standardized, thin studs are held together with nails.

_______ is the name for sun dried brick used as an architectural building material.

Adobe

This ivory vessel from Sierra Leone combines ________ and ______ forms and imagery

African. European

What culture is most closely associated with a tradition of sculpture that considered the human body itself a worthy subject?

Ancient Greece

The Pont du Gard at Nîmes, France is based on what type of structure?

Arch

The use of found objects as a sculptural material is an example of what type of sculptural technique?

Assembling

Why do scholars believe that the Olmec artists chose basalt as the material to carve their monumental sculptures?

Basalt is volcanic stone, which is associated with the spiritual power of the natural world.

In a vaulted church, each rectangular division of space, consisting of one groin vault, is called a ______.

Bay

To shape a hollow glass vessel, an artist can dip a long metal tube into molten glass, and then do what?

Blow air into the tube to create a bubble in the glass.

Suspension techniques are most closely associated with the construction of

Bridges

Beginning in the 1960s artists began to create works of impermanent sculptures to explore what ideas?

Bringing art closer to people's everyday lives Bringing people together in a new way Avoiding sales and ownerships of an object

During the mid-19th century the experimental use of ______ as a building material allowed for breakthroughs in the development of the skeleton-and-skin structural system.

Cast-iron

What is the most common sculptural material used for modeling?

Clay

The decorative ornament on the ceiling of a dome, which also serves to lessen the weight, is known as ______.

Coffering

Which metals may be forged cold?

Gold

A work of art that is made for a specific place using natural materials found there is called a(n) ______.

Earthwork

The skeleton of the _____ ______ was the aesthetic focus because it had no decorative embellishments.

Eiffel Tower

What did the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London do?

Established the success of cast-iron as a building material

True or false: Concrete was invented during the late 19th century as a cheap and easily transportable material.

False

True or false: Installation art always replicates familiar spaces such as hotel rooms or offices.

False

True or false: This bowl is representative of olumeye bowls in Yoruba culture more generally.

False

Sculptor Huma Bhabha uses _____ in her sculptures.

Found objects

Which architect used digital design and fabrication to create works such as the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao?

Frank Gehry

____________ are relatively lightweight, amazingly strong, and built with prefabricated modules, all of which allows for quick and inexpensive construction.

Geodesic Domes

Reims Cathedral is a characteristic example of what style of architecture?

Gothic

Which are methods used in carving?

Gouging Chipping Cutting

The ______ incorporates immense dome placed on top of a massive square base.

Haiga Sophia

How was the Chinese lacquer snuff bottle carved?

High Relief

How was this Chinese jade basin carved?

High relief

What is a vast roofed space of post-and-lintel construction called?

Hypostyle hall

Snowmen, Sandcastles and Christo and Jeanne-Claude's The Gates are all examples of _____.

Impermanent sculptures

Which innovations made balloon-frame construction practical?

Improved milling lumber techniques Mass-produced nails

How does Auguste portray the individuals in The Burghers of Calais?

Individuals facing death in their own way

What are the advantages of using bronze to cast sculptures?

Is extremely durable even for thin pieces Can create smooth rounded shapes Flows freely when poured, allowing for small detailed works

What culture is best known for focusing a great deal of aesthetic attention on the production of carpets and rugs?

Islamic

Produced in Greece during the 16th century B.C.E. this rhyton is a metal that can be manipulated in what way?

It can be worked at room temperature.

For what reasons have artists and patrons adopted ivory as a material?

It is a easy carve intricate designs in ivory. It is a luxury material. Ivory is a resilient material.

Which are aspects of contrapposto?

It is a pose that suggests the potential for movement in a standing figure It is Italian for "counterpoise" or "counterbalance" It places the figure's weight on one foot, which create a series of adjustments to the hips and shoulders that produce a subtle S-curve.

What does the construction of the Eiffel Tower suggest?

It is a quintessential example of skeleton architecture.

What can be inferred about modern architecture due to the advent of new technologies and materials?

It is better equipped to respond to community and environmental needs

In a skeleton-and-skin system, what is the support structure of a building?

It is contained inside more fragile outer layers and is generally not visible.

Which descriptions apply to carving?

It is more aggressive than modeling. It is more direct than casting. It is a subtractive process.

What is the significance of the isolation of the Taj Mahal's dome?

It is ornamental.

What do we know about the Pont du Gard at Nîmes, France?

It is solid and heavy, yet its weight-bearing capabilities appear effortless It is made up of three tiers of arcades It once functioned as an aqueduct

For the ancient Olmecs, what was jade?

It represented plant life and rainwater.

Which of the following is true of the ivory trade?

It severely impacted the world's elephant population. It was a global network that once moved ivory around the globe.

What do we know about this late 15th or early 16th century ivory vessel?

It was created by sculptor of the Sapi culture in present day Sierra Leon, west Africa. It was designed to hold salt. It resembles a large European drinking glass, a goblet.

Why do much ancient art that still exists in the 21st century made of terra cotta?

It was surprisingly durable.

What is the primary drawback of post-and-lintel architecture?

Its limitation to span relatively large open spaces

Which material is derived from the teeth of large mammals?

Ivory

Why did Tilman Riemenschneider carve his Virgin and Child on the Crescent Moon in limewood?

Limewood is plentiful in the region where Riemenschneider worked. Limewood is easy to carve.

U. S. coins display ___ relief.

Low

This portrait vessel made by the Moche people of South America would have been used for what purposes?

Made with the individual features of the person being sculpted Placed as an object on remembrance on grave-sites Given as a gift to neighboring tribes

Which materials have commonly been used to represent the human figure in sculpture?

Metal Stone Terra cotta

What is installation art?

Modifying space in some way and allowing the viewer to experience that space

Of what materials is this Japanese writing box made?

Mother-of-pear Red lacquer Gold

A circular opening at the top of a dome is called the ______.

Oculus

What is fiber?

Pliable, threadlike strand

Which architectural elements are characteristic of Gothic style?

Pointed arches Large stained glass windows Flying buttresses

A sculpture in which forms project from--but remain attached to--a background surface is called a ______.

Relief

In his sculpture Voltri VI, David Smith assembled which items made of steel?

Scrap metal wheels tools

Who developed contrapposto?

Sculptors in Ancient Greece

Reinforced-concrete construction is most similar to the ______ structural system.

Shell

Who is being depicted in this Baule sculpture?

Spirit Spouse

Which is NOT a basic architectural structural system?

Stacking

What are sheets of colored glass joined together with strips of lead called?

Stained glass

Used in building skyscrapers, ______ construction uses a metal cage to support a decorative exterior of another material such as glass, masonry, or stone.

Steel-frame

_________________ construction was developed to allow for the fabrication of tall buildings not possible using balloon-frame techniques.

Steel-frame

What are the principal materials used for carving?

Stone Wood

What does the keystone do?

Supports the downward and outward thrust of the rounded arch

What do we know about this piece made by Pueblo potter María Martínez?

The color scheme is due to the firing process. It is made through coiling.

What is a drawback of load-bearing construction?

The inability to insert large openings, such as windows, in the walls

What made the creation of such showpieces as the Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower possible?

The mass production of iron and steel

What facts do we know about the Olumeye bowl?

The name of the sculptor who constructed the bowl The material in which the bowl was sculpted

What was Auguste Rodin memorializing in The Burghers of Calais?

The self-sacrifice of six townsmen of 14th-century Calais

To what is green architecture largely a response?

The unsustainable cost of industrialization

Why is the lost-wax process of casting suitably named?

The wax mold is melted away so that it can be replaced by the metal.

What is the formal pose of Menkaure and Khamerenebty meant to convey?

Their eternal existence Their status as "junior gods" The power of the rulers

Which are characteristics of earthworks?

They enter into the natural world and participate in its changes. The element of time is central to earthworks. They were originally conceived of as a way to make art that could not be bought and sold.

In lost-wax casting, what is the purpose of the metal pins placed into the clay core?

They hold the core in place after the wax melts.

For what reasons is the human form used in sculpture?

To convey power of rulers To give a being presence

What is the purpose of green architecture?

To create a healthier and less wasteful human habitat

True or false: If we no longer know the original context in which an object was created, we can still appreciate it as a work of art.

True

True or false: This portrait vessel was made using both modeling and a pre-prepared mold.

True

When deciding on the structural system for a building, ______ and ______ are the first considerations.

Weight; tensile strenght

Based on the ancient Egyptian convention of depicting human form, how are the pharaoh Menkaure and Khamerenebty portrayed?

With idealized facial features and bodies Facing straight forward, with the pharaoh's arms arms stiff at his sides

Some people in the art field distinguish between assembling, which brings sculpture parts on or near each other, and ________ , which joins the pieces through a process such as welding or nailing.

constructing

The _______ age ushered in the harnessing of steam, leading to the creation of the steam engine, the internal combustion engine, and the turbine.

industrial

This Ardabil carpet from 16th-century Persia was labor-intensive because it used the ______ technique, in which segments of wool were tied to a woven ground.

knotting

The architectural element that gaps the transition from a square base to a domed roof is known as a ______.

pendentive

When clay is mixed with water and becomes moldable and cohesive, it becomes ______.

plastic

Of what is this Chinese bowl made?

porcelain

Lacquer is made from tree

sap

The process of putting clay on the spinning disk of a potter's wheel, then shaping it with the hands, is called ______.

throwing

Who has Japanese sculptor Kaikei represented in this wooden sculpture?

A patron and protector of warriors An individual with the outward appearance of a Buddhist monk Shinto diety Hachiman

What is assemblage?

The art of bringing together individual objects to form a sculpture

Fibers lend themselves to a variety of techniques, and the resulting material is called a

Textile

What characteristics does this royal tunic tell us about the society in which it was produced?

Textiles were very important to the ancient Incas Textiles were considered a form of wealth When the king wore this elaborate tunic he was visually signifying his place in society.